History of the English Empire

History of the English Empire England Empire Colonies In 1883, the British historian J.R. Seeley surveyed his nations empire with bemusement: â€Å"We seem to have conquered and peopled half the world in a fit of absence of mind.† When you consider the various American empires before c.1815, would you argue that they were acquired and maintained absentmindedly? In his collection of lectures entitled The Expansion of England, J.R. Seeley exasperatingly stated that the creation and growth of the British empire had been met with â€Å"a fit of absence of mind.† Seeley detailed the worrying trend amongst his contemporaries that the American colonies had not yielded sufficient profit for Britain, while the loss of the British American colonies had been as inevitable as the ripening of fruit. This sentiment was inextricably linked to the fact that Britain had endowed its American colonies with liberty and representative government, while not obsessively exerting metropolitan authority; conducive factors to the American revolution. As Britain had lacked the explicit notion of conquest in determining her imperial project in North America, and was rather, and primarily, a commercial empire, the question as to whether the various imperial projects had been conducted in â€Å"absence of mind† is raised. The fact that the British, French, and Dutch American empires were commercial ventures conducted by private individuals and companies to settle and procure profit from America, highlights the somewhat ad hoc maintenance of empire. However, to suggest that the foundation and settlement of the various American empires was done in an exclusively non-purposeful manner across the five centuries in which the continent was discovered, settled, and economically exploited is problematic. The sheer duration of the American empires puts to question how the various empires would have spanned centuries if they had been acquired and maintained absentmindedly. Further, in assessing the conquest of South America by the Spanish, an empire intrinsically founded on the spirit of the conquistador and mineral exploitation, the suggestion of absent-minded imperialism is further put to question. In addition to the problem of synthesising the various imperial missions under the questionable label of inattentiveness, there also lies the inherent issue that Seeley did not consciously intend to accuse the various American empires of governing with an â€Å"absence of mind†. Thus, the issues raised by the duration and ideological differentiation of the American empires cloud any simple creation of a definitive conclusion as to how, and by whom, the empires were acquired and maintained. From the foundation of the first British colony at Jamestown in 1606 to the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the British American empire to which Seeley referred to had spanned one-hundred and seventy years. This colonial longevity implicitly puts to question the sign of an absent-minded empire. Although there was no singular, cohesive force which settled, economically-exploited, and governed the American empires, there was purpose to be found in all the imperial projects. The fact that there was not one, but several, interwoven missions with different intentions and outcomes obscures the purposeful nature of the imperial projects.However, the very inception of the American empires clearly displayed purpose.In the royal charters granted by Elizabeth I and Henry VII, explorers such as Sir Walter Raleigh were given prerogatives to locate and conquer suitable areas of the New World for English possession. The creation of colonies had a two-fold purpose; to emulate the economic success of Spainand create ting new areas of commerce and agricultural produce for England. Indeed, not only were royal charters granted by European monarchs to explorers seeking to claim and settle the Americas, but they were also granted to trading companies. This delegation of power showed pragmatic solutions to the acquisition of the virgin American markets. As the British, French, and Dutch states did not have enough capital to run the risk of acquiring new land, it was the purpose of companies such as the Plymouth and London groups to settle New England and the Chesapeake and to create agricultural produce and symbiotic trading agreements with the natives present there. Therefore, the control exuded by the private companies in the American empires should not suggest absent-mindedness on behalf of the mother countries, but rather, a practical measure to maximise profit and minimise investment in an untested and perhaps ruinous scheme. In describing the â€Å"absence of mind† of the British state, Seeley highlighted the issue of reluctant British imperialism and that this reluctance led to imperial disorganisation, which ultimately epitomised the absence of mind which he aimed to identify. However, this was not a direct attack on the commercial nature of the American colonies, but rather Seeley aimed to highlight a lack of a cohesive imperial identity which primarily referred to Britains Indian empire. Seeley states quite openly that â€Å"our acquisition of India was made blindly† while â€Å"when our first settlers went out to Virginia and New England We did intend to establish a new community†. Thus, by first allowing private investors to settle and acquire an economic base in America, followed by a direct application of metropolitan control when the colonies began to prosper, the British state had indeed acquired and maintained her commercial empire with purpose. The beneficial economic motives which led to the granting of a royal charter for Jamestown in 1606 resulted in the eventual if tortuous prosperity of the colony; identifying the commercial purpose of the British American empire. Even though it took several decades for Jamestown to prosper and be fully recognised by metropolitan authority in England may suggest a tenuous link for imperial purpose and direct control. But, by the seventeenth century, the British state had created the Navigation Act of 1660 which sought to consolidate previous economic regulations and ultimately, make trade more prosperous for England. By stating that no goods could be imported or exported into territories owned by Charles II, unless carried in English vessels, ensured the commercial hegemony of England in her American colonies. This coherent economic regulation, legislated just fifty-four years after the foundation of Jamestown, testifies to a purposeful maintenance of Britains commercial empire. Furthermore, the power of the British metropole, epitomised in the increased regulatory interference in the post-Seven Years War climate shows further purposeful maintenance of the American colonies. After Britain had curtailed French and Spanish power in North America, the British state aimed to apply the dictates of a centrally-based parliament, obsessed with the concept of sovereignty. This ideological shift primarily resulted from the altered power structure created in the aftermath of the Seven Years War. Due to a British sentiment that the colonies had defiantly dragged their feet during the course of the war combined with the fact that Britain defeated its imperial rivals in course becoming a hegemonic force in North America created a perceptible power shift. In creating a monopoly of power, the economic and political status of colonists and Indians worsened, culminating in Pontiacs rebellion and the subsequent grievances and retaliations of white settlers, such as the Paxton Boys, placing Britain in an unprecedented situation. In response to the increasing frontier disputes, growing prejudices between settlers and Native Americans, and the changed power-structure present after the Seven Years War, the metropolitan became increasingly authoritative in colonial legislation. Parliamentary revenue acts were enacted to pay for a ten-thousand strong land army to maintain authority in the colonies; the Royal Proclamation of 1763 aimed to reinforce the Crowns control of new colonies in North America, while the Stamp Act of 1765 attempted to apply direct taxation to the American colonies. This shift in metropolitan attitude, following the Seven Years War, was to become significant in the colonial grievances leading up to the Declaration of Independence while showing direct evidence of the purposeful governance of the Britains American empire. Nevertheless, the assertion that the American empires were acquired and maintained absentmindedly is not baseless, and can be persuasively attributed to the commercial empires of North America. The limited design and short-sighted nature of the various imperial projects is especially evident in the creation of some of the first American colonies in the early seventeenth century. The initial setbacks of the English colonies at Roanoke which completely vanished and Jamestown, which witnessed continual deprivationand ruinous warfare against the Powhattan empire to the similar failure of Cartiers French colonies shows the limited design and purpose behind the formative American colonies. The fact that such ventures failed for simple, and surmountable, reasons such as lack of supply and poor location and suffered initial, and unnecessary, setbacks in declaring war against Native Americans, showed that the American empires, from the very beginning, had limited success and little central control. In essence, Jamestown was not the centre of metropolitan attention, most of its initial settlers quickly died, and by 1622 the Virginia Company was close to bankruptcy. Indeed, the sixteenth and seventeenth century French and English explorers and settlers initially sought the lucrative promise of Gold and Silver akin to the Spanish discovery and exploitation in South America. Explorers such as Raleigh and Cartier became obsessed with the acquisition of precious metalsin a vain attempt to match the prosperity of the Spanish empire. Therefore the English and French colonies, following the absence of a codified plan, essentially stumbled, half-reluctantly, upon their system of agricultural produce and commerce,in lieu of Gold. Moreover, the criticism applied to the absent-minded metropole in the foundation of the American colonies can be further applied to the ad hoc maintenance of the American empire. Since private companies and individuals had been in control of colonial affairs in varying senses and had been granted differing vested powers, the maintenance of metropolitan authority was not cohesive. Effective metropolitan control was not in place until the radically altered political structure following the Seven Years War in America. Indeed, rather than the Seven Years War being perceived as a prime example of purposeful metropolitan maintenance of an economic and political empire, it was the increase in metropolitan authority after 1763 which highlighted previous absent-mindedness regarding America. Until the latter half of the eighteenth century, metropolitan authority had been a secondary premise behind the commercial nature of the American empire, which was founded not on exploitation, but the granting of political freedoms, liberty, and local representation. Given the general perception that the British, French and Dutch empires began ignominiously in the seventeenth century, while the respective States ruled their mercantilist empires with a laissez-faire attitude, it would seem apt to label their imperial experiences as absent-minded. However, despite the initial setbacks in America, each of the American empires did aim to settle and govern their colonies in the best interest of commerce. Trade was the pre-eminent motive for the investors of the Virginia company, while specific instructions were given to prospective colonists of Jamestown to maximise productivity. Further, the nature of French imperialism in North America shown in the system of trading posts on the St. Lawrence and Mississippi River, epitomises the commercial presence of the European powers in America. In presiding over a large portion of sparsely populated land the French sought to create a monopoly of trade with the Native Americans without impinging on territory or imposing a large army; their empire was built on a trade relationship in which both the French traders and state, as well as the natives, benefited. Further, in the small colonies of the New Netherlands and New Sweden, army deployment and state control was similarly weak, creating the perfect environment for lucrative trade. Indeed, a recurring theme in Shortos depiction of the New Netherlands was the realisation made by explorers and governors that the Dutch colony was situated in an optimum location for the control of trade along the seaboard and into the American interior. This proved that it was the identification and exploitation, through colonisation, of prosperous economic regions which was important to European imperial regimes; suggesting a purposeful maintenance of the commercial North American empires. The argument for absent-minded imperialism further falls apart when applied to the Spanish style of empire employed in South America. The Spanish state, while recognising the commercial benefits of the South American colonies, acquired and maintained her empire purposefully. Inspired by the legitimisation to New World conquest granted by the Alexandrine Bulls and through the use of the requerimiento, the Spanish pursued an empire of conquest intent on the subjugation of the native peoples, exploitation of bullion, and the evangelisation of the native population. By conquering the Aztec and Mayan empires in the sixteenth century and exploiting abundant gold and silver deposits, the South American Spanish Viceroyalties were intrinsically founded on the Spirit of Conquestwith an aim to increase Spanish power via the importation of bullion. The Spanish thus used the plunder and mineral deposits of South America as a means to increase their power in Europe and to consolidate their position in the Americas. Furthermore, the central nature of this debate, that of Seeleys bemusement at the imperial absence of mind in America, has had its original intention taken out of context. Seeley saw the American empire as an integral part of Greater Britain which had been unfairly neglected by British historians. By declaring that the â€Å"absence of mind†, Seeley was referring to the fact that Britains imperial project in America had failed to alter British perceptions of Great Britain, that it had failed to â€Å"change our ways of thinking† and that â€Å"we do not reckon our colonies as really belonging to us†. Thus the â€Å"absence of mind† was not directed at the acquisition and maintenance of empire, but rather at the â€Å"indifference which we show towards the mighty phenomenon of the diffusion of our race and the expansion of our state.† To conclude, the declaration that the American empires were acquired and maintained with a complete absence of mind is incorrect. Each European imperial project had differing intentions, were settled by different individuals and spanned across centuries, and so a sense of continued purpose was inevitably lost. But there was, of course, purpose behind the imperial projects, or they would not have been settled or economically exploited in the first place. Both France and England settled in America for commercial interests while the Spanish purposefully exploited the economic wealth of South America. Further, the importance of questioning J.R. Seeleys quote cannot be understated. He was not necessarily accusing Britain of an absence of mind in regards to America, but rather in a historical sense; that the greatness of the imperial schemes had be ignored, and a re-assessment of the importance and centrality it held to British history must be made. Bibliography Appelbaum, Robert (ed.)Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World (2005). Armitage, David,The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000). Elliott, John, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 (New Haven, 2006). The Old World and the New, 1492-1650 (Cambridge, 1970). Games, Alison, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge,  1999). Pagden, Anthony,Lords of all the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c.1500 – 1800 (New Haven, 1995). Richter, Daniel,Facing East from Indian Country (Cambridge, Mass., 2001). Samson, Jane (ed.)The British Empire (Oxford, 2001). Seed, Patricia, Ceremonies of Possession in Europes conquest of the New World, 1492 – 1640 (Cambridge, 1995). Seeley, J.R.,The Expansion of England (London, 1883). A Declaration and Remonstrance of the Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants of the Province of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1764)

Three Approaches to Coping with School Violence Essay -- Exploratory E

We humans have always sought to increaseour personal energy in the only manner wehave known: by seeking to psychologically steal it from others—an unconscious competition that underlies all human conflict in the world. (James Redfield, 1993, The Celestine Prophecy, New York: Warner Books,65–66) Some school critics and statisticians have observed that drug-dealing, vandalism, robbery, and murder have replaced gum-chewing, â€Å"talking out of turn,† tardiness, and rudeness as the most chronic problems afflicting today’s schools. If the intent of this observation is to shock and rattle the public’s sensibilities, it’s working. Of course, some of us may interpret such suggestions as merely dark, stoic, and cynical—â€Å"scare† tactics quite in keeping with the current national mood about many social issues these days. Yet, as a profession (and a society) maybe a little shock treatment now and then is good for us, especially if we ourselves work in relatively â€Å"safe† schools and communities. Maybe it’s time to remind ourselves that one school’s problem can become every school’s problem if the profession at large is not watchful and careful. No school is immune to the potential of extreme violence, as many of us, without meaning to, have learned. If you’re a long-time, veteran English teacher, you may never have thought you’d see the day when an issue of English Journal would be devoted to school violence. The idea never occurred to me, either. But here we are, and here that issue is. And, what’s more, it’s high time. While none of us needs convincing that the violence problem is serious in a great many places, some of the statistics are sobering. The National Education Association (March 1994) reports that the number of children... ... suffice. Works Cited Anderson, Elijah. 1994. â€Å"The Code of the Streets.† TheAtlantic Monthly (May): 81–94. Elam, Stanley M. 1993. â€Å"The 25th Annual Phi Delta Kappan/Gallup Poll.† Phi Delta Kappan (Oct.): 137–152. â€Å"Guns Among Young People in the U.S.† 1993. Youth Record. Washington, D.C.: Youth Policy Institute. (Aug. 3): 10. Jones, Clarisse. 1994. â€Å"Report Shows Violence Rising in Schools.† The New York Times (Aug. 13): 27. Merina, Anita. 1994. â€Å"Fighting School Violence Means Taking on Guns.† NEA Today (Mar. 12): 4. Survey of the American Teacher 1993: Violence in America’s Public Schools. New York: MetLife. Zimmer, Judith. 1993. We Can Work It Out. Culver City, CA: Social Studies School Service. Denny Wolfe is professor of English Education andDirector of the Tidewater Virginia Writing Project atOld Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia.

Body gender Essay

Reversal of Roles (Women Seducing Men). In the 20th century, people become modernized and most of the traditional roles are no longer followed. The modern concepts allow the people, especially the women, greater freedom and opportunity to practice their potentialities and pursue their chosen endeavours. An innovation that comes along with the modern world is the reversal of roles between male and female, and one of these roles is men being seduced by women. As women become open-minded and liberated, their sexual views become wider. Women seduce men for various reasons: for personal gain, persuade the man into something or, the most common, sexual interaction. Many relationships are either developed or destroyed by this. However, not all people accept this practice. Despite the modernization, a lot of people are still old-fashioned. These people, including the church and countless moral advocates, still consider the women as a creation of God that should live and act with morality. They opposed women’s seduction of men and see it as against the normal norm of the society. Women are aware of this restriction that is why they do the temptation discreetly. Men and Women Modernity. This picture shows the modernization of men and women in the 20th century. They have more freedom in terms of fashion and a lot of other things. They wear clothes that make them comfortable, not minding whether the garments conform to the norm of the society or not. Many of the modern men and women actions deviate from or are not consistent to the cultural norm. In marital relationship, for example, it is getting normal and easy for a quite a number of married couples to divorce and marry another person. This is, of course, opposed to the doctrine of the church that sanctifies the sacredness of marriage. The women and women are expected to be guided with morality. However, as the world modernizes, so does the sexual perspective. Premarital sexual intercourse is common, even to younger generation. It is getting ordinary every day. Men are seeing women as sex objects. The women, in return, submit to the men’s desire. Worse, this often results into unwanted pregnancies or early marriage. Immorality in the modern world abounds. In this case, the country’s leaders, the church and the parents have vital roles in curving the immorality brought by modern world. One way to do it is revive the moral values and instil them in the mind not only of the youth but of all the people as well. Men and Women of World War II. As the United States of America entered World War II in 1941, its economy drastically changed. The nation demanded more from its citizen. All capable male enlisted into the military and went to the warfront. However, it was not enough. The gender roles were dramatically altered temporarily as women volunteered to join various female branches of the military. Some women back home worked in the factories. Traditionally, women were regarded as subordinates of men. They were seen as weak gender and war, which was ruled by men, was not a place for them. However, during World War II, the women’s services were badly needed by their country and they responded to it. Although it was not consistent with the cultural norms, gender roles were temporarily set aside for a noble cause. The feminine kingdom has once again shown to the world that they could equal, if not outdo, men in many ways. Feminists see this as a morale-boosting feat. Men and Women in Politics. The picture shows the major involvement of women in politics. Unlike in the past, women of today are active politically. Many public officials in the country are women. In fact, in some places, several of the highest positions in the land are held by females. Now, male politicians are not taking the female officials lightly but consider them as strong political figures. Their opinions are as strong as that of the men’s. It is a far cry from the past wherein all political authorities were held by men; women were only expected to stay home, take care of the children and do all the house chores. Male is still the stronger figure in politics world as proven in many countries where men hold the highest positions. But the females are not far behind. This development among women produces positive feedbacks. Abuses from men gradually lessen because women are getting bolder to bring in the open their ordeal. They are aware that they have a voice in the government. Yves Saint Laurent in de Young Museum. De young Museum, located in San Francisco’s Golden Park, is exhibiting the 40 years garments, sketches and designs by Yves Saint Laurent. As I entered, I noticed that the exhibit room was dimly lit that the descriptive labels at the bottom of the mannequins were barely readable. An array of YSL clothes and garments are displayed, like the all black outfits, a dress with a transparent top, the evening gown with a bare midriff and the black tuxedoes for men and women. There were also the ethnic-inspired outfits, a red late-hippie gypsy band as well as the collection of African dresses. In another line were YSL’s various rendition of bridal gowns: the hand-knitted off-white cocoon ; the typical Saint Laurent short and multicoloured gown called â€Å"Love Me Forever† gown; the Shakespeare-inspired bridal wear in lush gold and orange lustrous fabric and brocade and the 1997 bikini-like bridal gown covered with thick pink and green flowers, leaves and pink strip of fabric. Now, these are just some of the 130 Yves Saint Laurent works in de Young Museum that await visitors. The Legion of Honor Palace. The whole architecture of The Legion of Honor Palace in San Francisco is already a huge attraction by itself. The building, built to commemorate the Californian soldiers who died in World War I, is located on top of the ocean cliffs which enables for an amazing view of the Golden Gate Bridge. Inside, the museum displays an impressive collection of 4,000 years of ancient and European art, the largest portion is comprised of French art. It showcases the works of such great artists like Rembrandt ( Joris de Caulirii), David(La Baronne Meunier), El Greco(St. John the Baptist),Renoir (Portrait of Richard Wagner), Monet(The Grand Canal, Venice), Picasso ( Head of a Woman) and many others. Perhaps the museum’s most distinguished acquisition is the collection of statues by Auguste Rodin which are on display. The most famous sculpture of Rodin, The Thinker, dominates the museum’s outdoor Court of Honor. This is the figure that greets the visitors first before entering the building. References: †¢ Lambert, Tim A. 17th Century Women. A World Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://www. localhistories. org/index. html †¢ Women and the Home Front During World War II. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://www. mnhs. org/library/tips/history_topics/131women_homefront. htm.

The Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance

The Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance With scholars contributing volumes of literature on the topic of corporate social performance, the relationship posted between corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) has been known to differ greatly.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The differences have resulted to confusion in the process of identifying the contributions of CSP in determining the CFP. The differences between the two attributes have given varying results; with some studies suggesting that CSP has high correlation with CFP, while other studies reporting lower or even negative correlations between the two. A closer analysis of the correlation trends posits that research results carried in social issues in management journals, journals of business ethics among other social science journals reports higher correlations compared to studies carried in accounting, finance or economics journals. In this regard, the hypothesis of this article seeks to show that the differences in these studies have been shaped by institutional logics that affect the cognitions of researchers rather than methodological and factual reasons. In advancing his hypothesis, Orlitzky, (2011), states that research results are socially constructed and thus the social constructions are responsible for the varying scores as far as the correlations of CSP and CFP is concerned. Researchers in varying disciplines have specified institutional logics that affect the quality of the results that they post after the research findings. To unravel the contributions of the institutional logics in determination of the research findings, the article uses a meta-analysis approach whereby various inputs from varying research findings are pooled together and analyzed analytically. In the meta-analysis process, the concept of data input in the ar ticle has been given preeminence to ensure that the variance in the correlation posted does not originate from data quality. At the end of the study, Orlitzky, (2011) proves that researchers enter into a research field with a mindset shaped by the institutional logics. Therefore, the social constructs are responsible for the varying result as far as the correlations of the CSP and CFP is concerned. Researchers in financial, economic and accounting fields have approached the topic with a mind set that the social responsibility has no significant effects to the financial performance of an institution.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, researchers in the business ethics and related fields approach the same topic with a mindset that explains the importance of the corporate social responsibility in the overall performance of the organization. The institutional m indsets, therefore, are responsible for the varying correlations of the concept of CSP and CFP when examined by different schools of thought. In conclusion, the acceptance of Orlitzky’s hypothesis can have tremendous effects to researchers in the field of CSP and its correlations to CFP. This is because Orlitzky, (2011), manages to prove that social constructs are responsible for the differences of the correlation figures posted by different researchers. The result can also have a significant effect to researchers as their objectivity and elimination of research bias is concerned. What Orlitzky, (2011) proves to researchers is that the concept of bias is yet to be overcome by the numerous researchers and thus the result of some of the research conducted may be in doubt. The study has also managed to show the extent to which individual inputs have on the results of a study. The results also has some implications for future research as it offers insights that may be helpful to researchers in order to minimize the effects of institutional logic in the process conducting research Reference Orlitzky, M. (2011). Institutional Logics in the Study of Organizations: The Social Construction of the Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance. Business Ethics Quarterly 21 (3). Pp 409-444

The Sin Of Nadab & Abihu Essays - Book Of Leviticus, Kohanim

The Sin Of Nadab & Abihu Essays - Book Of Leviticus, Kohanim The Sin of Nadab & Abihu Verse: (Lev. 10:1) And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron took either of them his censer, and put fire therin, and put incense thereon, and offered strange fire before the Lord, which he commanded them not. (King James) The Sin of Nadab & Abihu: An Exegesis There is no clear consensus as to what sin Nadab and Abihu committed as detailed in verse 10:1 of the book Leviticus, in the Hebrew bible. Some commentators like to take into consideration material previously mentioned, some like the literal view of the story, others try to narrow the possibilities to come to a conclusion, while still more understand it all as simply a figurative tale. But in truth, few if any of the explanations this exegesist looked through seemed satisfactory, but blended together, and analyzed individually, they did form a far more satisfactory intrepretation of my own. The story is that Aaron, the newly consecrated Israelite High Priest had two sons, Nadab and Abihu, who were consumed by God for offering 'strange fire' before him. This occruance took place during the Octave-day celebrations which were taking place for the opening of the just completed Tent Of Meeting, or Tabernacle. Sacrifices, and prayers were to take place each day with special ritualistic rules in the preparation and performance of each. The priests were chiefly responsible for the running of events, and as most scholars agree Nadab and Abihu at the time of their death were priests, and so were presumably performing their priestly duties. Where the break in agreement occurs is with the question that naturally arises: What did Nadab and Abihu do wrong? The answer to this question lies in the context of the verse, the bigger picture involved. This does not, however, mean that it is clear enough so one can realize it with a read through or two. To best comprehend the situation, an understanding of the verse must be realized. The realization in this case is best accompolished through a translation of the verse from the original Hebrew that can put a clear picture of the happenings taking place. Unfortunately such a translation is not available. The King James is to poetic to be vivid, and the RSV changes the true meanings of words too much to be respected. Similar arguments could be put for the other translations out there. Faced with such a dillema, one must undertake the translating upon himself: "Then took Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, each his censer and placed in them fiery coals, and put on them incense and sacrificed before the Lord with strange fire, which he had not commanded them." With this translation it is clear that the action is taking place with a specific sequence, in an event that has to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, it clarifies the problem with the 'strange fire' to explain that the fire was strange because it wasn't what God had commanded to be done. It is admitted, however, that this translation does not answer any questions beyond what any sentence can at any time answer. It is just a tale of events, and as any sentence studied individually would be, is a bit obscure. The whole picture must be taken into consideration. As for some explanation of the terms used: A censer is a pan used to carry coals. It has practical used even today in the middle east. The incense was a mixture of sweet herbs and spices as prescribed in Exodus 30:34. The one phrase that needs to be further developed is the hebrew 'esh zara' or 'strange fire'. The word esh as used here refers to fiery coals, but it has nevertheless compelled many scholars try to interpret it, mostly to fit their own theoretical views. In its present form esh zara, simply means a fire taken from an unauthorized source. This is what had made it strange and unholy for use in the Tent of Meeting. The use of the word zara which means strange, is a bit puzzling. Only a handful of times has the this form of strange been used in the Torah. Three other places other than Lev. 10:1 it's been used to

Statistics Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Statistics - Speech or Presentation Example Standard deviation on the other hand show us how the individual values compares the mean value, the smaller the standard deviation, the closer the samples measurements are to the mean and vice versa (Gravetter and Wallnau 123). With regard then to the standard deviation given, it is evidenced that there is a considerable difference of the samples considered. Different sample numbers and variation of age among the considered students may have occasioned this. Comparing the two calculated statistics with the population statistics clearly shows inaccuracy, the mean deviation of the samples from that of the population is enormous and this shows that sampling was skewed to a section of the population thus the true value could not be reached. This can also be observed with the values of the standard deviation that shows consistent abnormal variation questioning the sampling technique. Referring to the statistics from the samples against that of the population, they do not reflect values t hat are consistent to the central tendency. Central tendency tends to show us where the majority of the data belongs to by use of mode, median or mean (Gravetter and Wallnau 156). Indeed the only way of getting correct statistical results from a data is to consider as much samples as possible against the possible number of population, this will ensure that a larger percentage of the population are considered with possible inclusion of all the extremities, smaller and larger ones narrowing the space for biasness (Gravetter and Wallnau 162). The use of two classes alone or Susan’s class would have considered a group with skewed values distorting the

Should UK policy makers be concerned about unemployment persistence Essay

Should UK policy makers be concerned about unemployment persistence and hysteresis given the increase in the unemployment rate since the start of the recession in 2008 - Essay Example There are numerous approaches to define unemployment; these approaches have been made since unemployment may not be an easy aspect in the globe. There have arisen numerous challenges which have pushed the international agencies to formulate different aspects of unemployment (Mortensen, Pissarides, Tatsiramos & Zimmermann, 2011). This approach is based on the data collected from persons who claim they are not employed. In the UK, such category of individuals is liable to get some help from the government, the help can be termed as the Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA). The specifications such people need to accomplish include; out of work for less than 16 hours a week, be available for work, currently seeking employment, capability to handle work, be of age and a resident in the UK. This can be summarized by the following equation to depict the percentage unemployment rate: ILO measures that group of people who are not working, actively seeking jobs and capable of undertaking any job that may arise. This approach measures the proportion of the population that is unemployed, this encompasses: those who are economically active in the country. The rate, which is arrived at is state based since it encompasses residents of the particular country (Clasen, Goul, Halvorsen & Oorschot, 2002). Census in the UK is carried out after every 10 years; it aims at providing a count of all people and the households apart from the demographic data which is collected. The census also avails a big range of labour related data. This data is very important in measurement of unemployment. According to the census reports, unemployment can be described as the number of persons who do not have jobs and are actively looking for jobs. This is the same principle outlined in the International labour organization (ILO) (Howell, 2005). Unemployment revolves around the economic factors in the country. Every small sector in the economy