Electronic Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electronic Media - Essay Example The changes in newspaper industry for example is staggering as many newspaper companies nowadays have their own websites too, allowing the new generation of internet user to access the news anytime in their computers. As we have observed during the last few years, the readership of printed papers has declined considerably. More than 1 billion users of the internet all over the world, access the news through the net and the number is expected to rise in the years to come as young people prefer the convenience of Internet-based technologies in order to obtain news, information, and entertainment (Watkinson 67). Societies whose technology is well developed have now entered the digital age and industries are searching for new opportunities to take this chance to develop business. Although there are threats to this utilization of technology in the media to advance business, the melding together of various media - also referred to as 'convergence' causes furor among many technology users as it holds a lot of promise. The amalgamation of different medium, which 1incorporates personalized services could be overwhelming for many but is very exciting as well. The utilization of high-powered and high technology innovation in computers, switch to digital platforms and the construction of high-speed computer networks brought about novel ideas and methods of doing common and ordinary activities. Hindrances to achieving these, like time and space have been eradicated and media users can read, listen, watch anything or interact with someone anytime. The amalgamation of all mediums into one eliminated the problems of putting all technologies in the media together (Thorburn 122). The conglomeration of media corporations in the 1990's for example has brought convergence in ownership and resulted to, in the consumers' point of view, more exciting delivery systems of our favorite medium. Online newspapers now provide streaming video, TV has chat that is extremely interactive and even radio has camera's or telephone systems (Quinn 43). The advent of the very exciting 3G telephony has likewise brought new feeling of excitement and fascination as companies in the field of mass media could include videogames, news, entertainment and online communication. This is now referred to as 2'convergence media.' 3G (or 3-G) is the short terminology to refer to 'third-generation technology' which utilizes the technology of the mobile phone. The 3G technology has the capability to transfer both voice data and non-voice data such as access to information, email messaging system, instant messaging, internet browsing access, entertainment such as streaming audio and video, streaming movies, and real time TV access (Livingston 12). As of now, there are approximately 60 3G networks in 25 countries all over the globe and spans three continents: Asia, Europe, and North America.NTT DoCoMo - the biggest telecommunications company in Japan - in the early 21st century-one of the giant telecommunication companies in Japan-became the first an d leading company to initiate a commercial 3G system. Meanwhile, the introduction of 3G services in Europe started in the year 2003 (Serajul 25) . Currently, debates if the web and television will converge more in the future which will allow only one form of technology instead of the two forms and people in the future will not be able to distinguish the difference between the two. But in order for

Processes of negotiation Essay Example for Free

Processes of negotiation Essay In simplest terms, negotiation is a discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution to their problem. Negotiations typically take place because the parties wish to create something new that neither could do on his or her own, or to resolve a problem or dispute between them. The parties acknowledge that there is some conflict of interest between them and think they can use some form of influence to get a better deal, rather than simply taking what the other side will voluntarily give them. When parties negotiate, they usually expect give and take. While they have interlocking goals that they cannot accomplish independently, they usually do not want or need exactly the same thing. This interdependence can be either win-lose or win-win in nature, and the type of negotiation that is appropriate will vary accordingly. The disputants will either attempt to force the other side to comply with their demands, to modify the opposing position and move toward compromise, or to invent a solution that meets the objectives of all sides. The nature of their interdependence will have a major impact on the nature of their relationship, the way negotiations are conducted, and the outcomes of these negotiations. Mutual adjustment is one of the key causes of the changes that occur during a negotiation. Both parties know that they can influence the others outcomes and that the other side can influence theirs. The effective negotiator attempts to understand how people will adjust and readjust their positions during negotiations, based on what the other party does and is expected to do. The parties have to exchange information and make an effort to influence each other. As negotiations evolve, each side proposes changes to the other partys position and makes changes to its own. This process of give-and-take and making concessions is necessary if a settlement is to be reached. If one party makes several proposals that are rejected, and the other party makes no alternate proposal, the first party may break off negotiations. Parties typically will not want to concede too much if they do not sense that those with whom they are negotiating are willing to compromise. The parties must work toward a solution that takes into account each persons requirements and hopefully optimizes the outcomes for both. As they try to find their way toward agreement, the parties focus on interests, issues, and positions, and use cooperative and/or competitive processes to come to an agreement. Planning for Negotiations Effective planning is crucial to meeting negotiation objectives. If the parties are to reach a stable agreement, specific events must take place before the parties ever come to the table. 1. Parties must frame the problem, and recognize that they have a common problem that they share an interest in solving. Frames are the conceptions that parties have of the situation and its risks. They allow the parties to begin to develop a shared definition of the issues involved, and the process needed to resolve them. When the frames of both parties match, they are more likely to focus on common issues and have a common definition of the situation. The way in which parties define the problem can shape the rest of the planning process. 2. In the early stages of framing, negotiators must also determine their goals, anticipate what they want to achieve, and prepare for the negotiation process. They must define the issues to be discussed and analyze the conflict situation. In many cases, negotiators can appeal to research or consult with experts to help them develop a complete list of the issues at stake. 3. Negotiators often exchange and negotiate the list of issues to be discussed in advance. Consultation between negotiators prior to actual negotiation allows them to agree on the agenda of issues to be discussed, as well as the location of the negotiations, the time and duration of the sessions, the parties to be involved in the negotiations, and techniques to pursue if negotiation fails. Negotiators should also agree on principles that will guide the drafting of a settlement, the procedures to be used in negotiations, and the formula by which a general agreement is to be reached. 4. After assembling issues on an agenda, the negotiators must prioritize their goals and evaluate the possible tradeoffs among them. Negotiators must be aware of their goals and positions and must identify the concerns, desires, and fears that underlie their substantive goals. They must determine which issues are most important, as well as whether the various issues are linked or separate. Once they have determined the relative importance of the issues, parties need to decide the order in which issues should be discussed. Different situations suggest different answers to that question, and different negotiators and mediators prefer one approach over the others. 5. Negotiators that are operating on behalf of a constituency should consult with their constituents as well as with the other side to ensure that the constituents needs and priorities are included in the negotiations. 6. The next step is for negotiators to define specific targets with respect to the key issues on the agenda. Parties should try to figure out the best resolution they can expect, what counts as a fair and reasonable deal, and what is a minimally acceptable deal. They should also be aware of the strongest points in their position and recognize the strongest points in the other sides position. 7. Because negotiations typically involve more than one issue, it is helpful for negotiators to anticipate different ways of packaging issues. They can balance the issues they regard as most important by being more flexible about items they deem less important. 8. Planning for negotiation also involves the development of supporting arguments. Negotiators must be able to present supporting facts and arguments, anticipate how the other side will respond to these arguments, and respond to the other partys claims with counter-arguments. 9. Finally, planning involves assessing the other partys priorities and interests and trying to get a better idea of what that party is likely to want. Negotiators should gather background information about the other partys current needs, resources, and interests. This can be done through preliminary interviews or consultations with those who have done business with the other party in the past. In addition, negotiators need to understand the other partys objectives. Negotiators should be aware of the other partys negotiation style, reputation, and the strategy and tactics they commonly use. They should investigate that partys past behavior in related settings, determine his or her organizational position, and find out whom he or she admires and whose advice carries weight. An individuals past negotiation behavior is a good indication of how he or she will behave in the future. Also, negotiators should understand the other partys alternatives. If the other negotiator has strong alternatives, he or she will probably be willing to set high objectives and be willing to push hard for these objectives during negotiation.

The Acid Rain Issue Essay -- essays research papers fc

Acid Rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Every day this problem increases. Many believe that this issue is too small to deal with, but if the acid rain problem is not met with head on, the effects on people, plants, animals, and the economy will only worsen. In the following paragraphs you will learn what acid rain is, the effects it has on human life, animals, the economy, the economic costs, and what is being done to help to stop this problem. This topic is very important because acid rain effects everyone everywhere all over the world.I. What is acid rain?Acid rain is the combination of two chemicals released into the atmosphere. These chemicals are sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (Nox). Natural sources such as volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton are all contributors to acid rain, but burning fossil fuels, such as coal and oil which are referred to as dry emissions are largely to blame for more than half of the emissions into the world. 2 Nationally, one hundred and twenty tons of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are emitted into the air each day.4A. How is acid rain formed?When the sulfur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulfate ion. It then becomes sulfuric acid when it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth, usually in the form of rain, snow, or fog. 1 Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and ozone help to catalyze the reaction, converting more sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. The following are the stoichiometric equations for the formation of sulphuric acid:S (in coal) + O2 ? SO22 SO2 + O2 ? 2 SO3SO3 + H2O ? H2SO4Nitric oxide and nitric dioxide are also components of acid rain. Its sources are mainly from power stations and exhaust fumes. Like sulphur dioxide, these nitrogen dioxides also rise into the air and are oxidized in the clouds to form nitric acid. Through this diagram you can better understand how acid rain is formed and emitted into the earth:II. Effects of acid rainAcid rain causes problems in almost every aspect of the environment. Acid rain can have a devastating effect on aquatic life, crops, forests, buildings, and also human life. A. The human environmentAcid rain has a multiplicity of effects in the human environment. The corrosion of limestone buildings in towns ... ... Pennsylvania. These and thousands of other organizations strive to educate the community about the acid rain problem and would be more than happy to send you information about what you can do to help. BibliographyLeslie R. Alm, "Scientists and the Acid Rain policy in Canada and the US." Science, Technology, and Human Values, 1997, 349"Acid Rain: Bad News About The Good News" Business Week, 25 October 1999, 95Anne E. Smith, Jeremy Platt, A. Denny Ellerman, "The cost of reducing SO2: It’s (higher than you think)" Public Utilities Fortnightly, 15 May 1998, 22"Acid Rain-A Definition" <a href="http://www.qlink.queensu.ca">http://www.qlink.queensu.ca"Whats being done? What is Europe and the UN-ECE doing?" <a href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain">http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain"Acid Rain: The Facts" <a href="http://www.brixworth.demon.co.uk">http://www.brixworth.demon.co.ukDepartment od Enviormental Protection, "Acid Rain In Pennsylvania" <a href="http://www.dep.state.pa.us">http://www.dep.state.pa.usChuck, "Acid Rain" ChuckIII’s College Resources

Kissinger, Metternich, Realism :: History

Kissinger, Metternich, Realism Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State during the Nixon administration, sculpted his statesmanship from the realistic ideals of Prince Klemens von Metternich, who served as the Minister of Austrian Affairs nearly 160 years earlier. Although Kissinger has denied fashioning his ideas after Metternich, he believed the following to be true: legitimacy is one of the most important factors regarding revolution and war, and that disorder is far worse than injustice. Revolution, by definition, is a dramatic change in ideas or practices. Kissinger and Metternich both agreed that, in the rare case that revolution was a legitimate idea, pacing was critical. Change needs to be gradual. A sudden change in either political or social ideas or rulers, they believed, could result in chaos and disorder. This disorder, in turn, can lead to crimes against one another because justice is lacking. Actions are born from chaos and become chaotic themselves. A revolution is, in most cases, born out of fear, whether that fear is legitimate or not. Take the American Revolution, for example. King George III was over-taxing the colonists. They wanted to be free of British rule so they revolted. This was one of the few legitimate revolutions because it had a direct affect on the people. A new country was founded on the blood of many men, but it is important to remember that a nation can live forever. A revolution, no matter where and when it occurs, will almost always have certain similar outcomes. A successful revolution, whether legitimate or not, allows new powers to rise and allows for revolutionary chieftains develop. Napoleon is an example of this. He and his aggressive leadership was a product of the French Revolution. As realists, both Kissinger and Metternich understood different motivations for revolutions and war. They believed objectivity is difficult to achieve and that m any factors enter a person’s decisions. Kissinger also felt that taking an idealistic approach to issues only resulted in disenchantment of the people. What starts out with good intentions towards hope of changing the world don’t always end up that way as was demonstrated by President Wilson’s unsuccessful try for democracy in the Muslim Middle East. In a world filled with disorder, order can be achieved by causing fear in the people. Saddam Hussein serves as an extreme example of this. He created order in Iraq by making his countrymen fear him. Saddam inundated his country with statues and posters of himself everywhere the people looked.

Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhastan

Kazakhstan is one of Central Asia’s most successful and dynamic economies. More than hundred U.S. companies are operating in this country, through subsidiaries, JVs, liasion offices or as contractors. While most of them are found in the energy sector, many of them are service sector firms (e.g. international law firms, accounting firms, Banks like Citibank, American Express bank etc.). There are companies in telecom, sector, consumer goods and others. Kazakhastan provides excellent business opportunities in the fields of Oil and Gas, Power, Telecom, Medical instruments, Controlling Pollution, Agro-Machinery, Food, Construction and Mining.Kazakhstan has implemented important structural reforms during the past few years with an objective to transform its economy into a robust, market-driven business environment. However, some of the issues concering the development are- corruption, inconsistent customs regulations, inconsistency in interpretation of law, red tapism, work permit limitations for managerial and technical staff, amendments in laws increasing government interference etc. Many of these concerns are on legal innovations, which are aimed at creating changes in prevailing contracts e.g. â€Å"the Government has recently adopted legislation giving it preemptive rights in both existing and future contracts in the event that shareholders in oil field consortia want to sell shares, even if other partners have a contractual right of first offer†. Similarly, the Government adopted a telecom regulation that limited foreign equity in telecom companies to forty-nine percent.   (http://www.buyusa.gov/kazakhstan/en/doing_business_kazakhstan.html)Kazakhstan is perceived as an evolving economy surmounting the heritage of the Soviet economy through constant dedication to economic liberalization and upholding a striking investment climate through practical policy choices and support with the West. The IMF called Kazakhstan's firm macroeconomic stabilizat ion actions â€Å"appropriate and far-sighted.† Of all the ex-Soviet economies, Kazakhstan is rated first in FDI as a percentage of gross domestic produce and next only to Hungary in per capita foreign direct investment. Because of its thriving reforms, liberal trade practices, and capability to draw external financing, the economy is booming. Kazakhstan is a signatory to the World Trade Organization.(http://www.kazakhembus.com/Stable_Free_Market_Economy.html)Kazakhstan's economy registered a growth rate of 8.5% in 2006. GDP grew by 9.4 percent in 2005, by 9.1 percent in 2004, by 9.2 percent in 2003 and by 9.5 percent in 2002. Kazakhstan's financial policy has been well administered. Since 2001, the inflation has been under check and well controlled. In 2006, it was 8.6 percent, 7.5 percent in 2005 and during 2001-2003 it was 6.4 percent, 6.6 percent and 6.8 percent respectively. Due to strong macroeconomic show and financial strength, Kazakhstan became the first former Sovie t country to settle all of its debt to IMF in 2000, seven years before schedule. The U.S. Department of Commerce has recognized Kazakhstan as a market economy under U.S. trade law since 2002. This is the result of effective market economy reforms in the domains of â€Å"currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources†.Kazakhstan became the first economy from the ex- Soviet Union to get an â€Å"investment-grade† credit rating from a leading global credit rating agency in 2002. Projected external borrowings in 2005 were $41.66 billion. In 2004, Kazakhstan's gross foreign borrowings were approximately $26.03 billion. Kazakhstan has been able to check the ratio of borrowings to Gross Domestic Produce in recent years. In 2005, total governmental debt was 8.9 percent of GDP whereas this ratio in 2000 stood at 21.7 percent of GDP.Kazakhstan has copious natural we alth with a whole prospective value projected at $8.7 trillion. Specially, Kazakhstan's hydrocarbon reserves are enormous and are expected to be next only to Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Oil and gas is the most important economic sector. Oil exports have pushed the economic development and have already drawn considerable international investment of over US$ 8 billion since 1993. The Tengiz oil field, was promoted by the TengizChevrOil a joint venture company established by the Kazak government and Chevron in 1993. Exxon Mobil and LukArco have also joined the venture to further develop the said project. TegizChevrOil is the major foreign venture in Kazakhstan. Though Kazakhstan’s present oil output of nearly 1.2 million barrels/day is comparitively small, oil reserves found offshore in the North Caspian, together with onshore sites currently being developed, put it among major oil exporter over the medium term.The total output of oil and gas condensate in the country totaled to 61.9 million tons in the year 2005 registering a growth of 4.3 percent over 2004. Total exports of oil and gas condensate were 52.4 million tons per annum in both 2004 and 2005. The total output of natural gas in Kazakhstan in 2005 equaled 14.5 billion cubic meters, registering a growth of 25 percent over the same in 2004. Kazakhstan has reserves of about 4 billion tons of confirmed recoverable oil and 3 trillion cubic meters of gas.Industry forecaster consider that planned development of oil production, together with the expansion of new fields, will facilitate the country to generate as much as three million barrels per day by the year 2015, elating Kazakhstan into the position among the world's top ten oil-producing countries. Kazakhstan's exported oil valued at US$17.4 billion in 2005, which constituted 70% of total exports from the country.In Kazakhstan, most important oil and gas fields and their producible oil reserves are: â€Å"Tengiz (7 billion barrels); Karachaganak (8 billi on barrels and 1,350 billion cubic meters of natural gas); and Kashagan (7-9 billion barrels)†. From 2004, the Government of Kazakhstan augmented its catch of oil deals by rising levy of new oil projects. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Enormous_Energy_Reserves.html)It was in 1899, when oil was first revealed in Atyrau. Since then, the affiliation with the West has been essential to energy resource growth in Kazakhstan. The first oil well, â€Å"Karachungul well†, had a depth of about forty meter and daily produced approximately 150 barrels. Alfred Nobel had developed it in association with Russian industrial companies. This grew to fifteen operating wells 1912, and each well generated about 306-346 barrels per day usually. The new development also included a transit system for transporting 5,453 barrels of oil to Baku per annum through barge. While the appropriate progress of Kazakhstan's vast oil reserves has been sporadic due to two world wars, a uprising and the conclus ion of the Soviet Union, the reality of deep wells and the growth of shipping solutions have remained fundamental to Kazakhstan's energy equation.Apart from the major oil reserves, â€Å"Karachaganak also has 500 billion cubic meters of natural gas†. The potentially biggest recent discovery of major hydrocarbon reserves is the offshore â€Å"Kashagan† structure. The reserves at this site are expected to be three times more than Tengiz. The group, developing this two thousand  square mile block fourteen thousand feet below the Caspian sea bed comprises of nine companies: â€Å"BP Amoco, ENI, British Gas, Mobil, Shell, Total Fina Elf, Phillips, Statoil and Inpex†.The forecasted extractable reserves of oil are projected to be 7.8 billion tons, and those of natural gas 7.1 billions cubic meter. About seventy percent of these resources are gathered in the western parts of Kazakhstan, and the greater part of the reserves are associated with salt fields and have been found at depths of over 5000 meters.The envisaged reserves of the Kazakhstan part of the Caspian shelf are projected to be around thirteen billion tons of standard fuel but the successful expansion of the Caspian fields necessitates a considerable amount of investment. According to industry experts, the total required investment could be as high as $160 billion, which includes an amount of about $10 billion for the preliminary stage of exploration, including field assessment. As on now, western companies have already pumped in more than US$7 billion.Some limitations to getting investments for discovering the Caspian shelf had been the need of a clarification to the status of Caspian Sea. With signing of the agreement between Kazakhstan and Russia to partition the seafloor of the Caspian along the midline between the two countries, the issue appears to have been resolved. Similar agreements have been signed between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, and Azerbaijan and Russia.Envisaged reser ves of the Aral basin stand for about two billion tons of standard fuel. The high gas and oil prospective and encouraging geographic location in respect of the basic transportation of groundwater routes makes the Aral basin one of the most significant area with respect to the prospective oil discovery operations.In spite of Kazakhstan’s considerable oil and gas resources, the production and export of hydrocarbons has been inhibited by Kazakhstan’s land-locked position and its considerable reliance on domestic and Russia’s shipping networks for export routes. Kazakhstan is dedicated to the expansion of multiple oil export routes, in order to sustain its impending oil resources of 100-110 billion barrels.   A wide-ranging understanding with the national pipeline operator, Kaztransoil CJSC can be made in order to gain access to the main pipeline system by agreeing to   shipment schedules by the Kazakhstani oil producers.Due to the inadequate capability of the K azakhstani pipeline system, right to use to the pipeline is established as per the ratio of a particular oil producer’s contribution in the total quantity of oil to be produced in Kazakhstan in a given year. Presently, there are only two in service pipelines: â€Å"the Atyrau-Samara pipeline connects Kazakhstan to the Russian export network, while the CPC pipeline (Tengiz-Novorossiisk) connects the Tengiz field with the Russian port of Novorossiisk on the Black Sea†. Although there are it is largely privately owned pipeline but Russia reserves the right to suspend and enforce limitations on the stream of Kazakhstani oil from the Atyrau-Samara pipeline into Russian transportation network. More importantly, Russian organizations usually have priority access to their export terminals. By becoming a partner to the international BTC (Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) Consortium that have built a 1,730-kilometer export pipeline with an annual capacity of 50 million tones, Kazakhstan can improve the scenario. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Oil.html)The services of nationals and foreign nationals in Kazakhstan are monitored by the Labor Laws, labor relations are monitored by individual employment agreements and, if applicable, collective labor contracts. Employment agreements must be in writing and must obey the rules to the minimum standards prescribed by the Labor Law. Companies usually face problems in hiring managerial and technical staff. Further, they even have to obtain permits to get overseas workers.Kazakhstan has delivered continueous economic development for several years, particularly given the increasing significance of the Caspian Basin as a source for petrochemicals. While the rate of its economic reforms has recently slowed down,   Kazakhstan’s promise to continue and further push the structural transformations aimed at changing its economy into a more market-driven business climate remains of vital importance. Prospective international investor s and exporters will prefer to see more repeated and many more success stories in this market in order to invest in the Kazakhstan’s economy. In spite the several issues that still need to be addressed, in this Central Asian country, an increasing number of the U.S. enterprises is of the opinion that Kazakhstan deserves a serious thought by the U.S. exporters. More importantly, considering the strategic significance of the country, it is important for them to be here for being competitive in Central Asia.Resourceshttp://www.kazakhembus.com/Oil.htmlhttp://www.allbusiness.com/mining/oil-gas-extraction-crude-petroleum-natural/235547-1.html?yahss=114-2974554-235547http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5487.htmhttp://www.bakernet.com/NR/rdonlyres/1E007228-ED7E-4475-8ED7-0BDBA7B76FD3/38334/DBIKazakhstanJan2005.pdfhttp://www.buyusa.gov/kazakhstan/en/doing_business_kazakhstan.htmlhttp://www.cioc.com/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7015361.stm

Albert Einstein2 essays

Albert Einstein2 essays Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm. He was raised in Munich, where his family owned a small electrical machinery shop. Though he did not even begin to speak until he was three, he showed a great curiosity of nature and even taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12. Albert despised school life, thinking it dull and boring, so when his family decided to move to Milan, Italy, Einstein took the opportunity to drop out of school, only 15 at the time. After a year with his parents in Milan it became clear to him that he would have to make his own way in the world. He finished secondary school in Arrau, Switzerland, and then enrolled at the Swiss National Polytechnic in Zurich. School there was no less exciting for him than it was before, and Einstein often cut classes, using the time to study physics on his own or practice on his violin. He graduated in 1900, but his professors did not think very highly of him and would not recommend him for a university job . Einstein worked for two years as a tutor and substitute teacher until in 1902 he found a position as an examiner in the Swiss patent office in Bern. In 1903 he married a fellow classmate at the polytechnic, Mileva Maric. They later divorced after having two sons, and Einstein remarried. Though Albert had written other papers, the one he became most famous for was called, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, which explained a theory that became known as the special theory of relativity. This was Einsteins third major paper to date, and was published in 1905. Natural philosophers had been trying to understand the nature of matter and radiation since the time of Sir Isaac Newton. Einstein had been considering the problem for over ten years when he realized that lay not in a theory of matter but one of measurement. The crux of his special theory or relativity was that all measurements of time and space depe ...

Free Essays on Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Why do human beings make the decisions that they do, and what triggers a person to take action at any given point? These questions can be answered by evaluating the Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Leon Festinger developed this theory in order to explain why people attempt to reduce dissonance and try to maintain constant relationships. A dissonant relationship exists between elements that are in disequilibria with one another. Cognitive dissonance can occur intrapersonally as well as between two or more people. With individual cognitive dissonance the individual longs for consistency within his or her own mind. Second, there exist dissonance between two or more people. This occurs when two people have differing opinions about a particular issue. According to this theory individuals will make decisions that will promote consistency in their cognitions. Thus, individuals employ several different coping strategies to deal with dissonance. Every person experiences some type of dissonance al most everyday. My experience to dissonance for this paper will examine the different reactions that my friend had to my different opinions concerning smoking. I have attempted to persuade my friends to stop smoking. While attempting the momentous task I observed Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance at work. For example, I told one of my friends that I was concerned about how much they had been smoking recently. He quickly told me that, â€Å"my grandfather smoked for nearly all his life and he is in good health.† In this particular instance we can see the basic premise of the consistency theories at work. The guy who said this statement likes me and is my friend. He also enjoys smoking. When I made the statement that I was concerned with the levels of tobacco consumption he disregarded my opinion by using past experiences as evidence to back his point. He is a friend so I assume he somewhat values my opinion, but he upgraded his opinion of smoking and... Free Essays on Cognitive Dissonance Theory Free Essays on Cognitive Dissonance Theory Why do human beings make the decisions that they do, and what triggers a person to take action at any given point? These questions can be answered by evaluating the Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Leon Festinger developed this theory in order to explain why people attempt to reduce dissonance and try to maintain constant relationships. A dissonant relationship exists between elements that are in disequilibria with one another. Cognitive dissonance can occur intrapersonally as well as between two or more people. With individual cognitive dissonance the individual longs for consistency within his or her own mind. Second, there exist dissonance between two or more people. This occurs when two people have differing opinions about a particular issue. According to this theory individuals will make decisions that will promote consistency in their cognitions. Thus, individuals employ several different coping strategies to deal with dissonance. Every person experiences some type of dissonance al most everyday. My experience to dissonance for this paper will examine the different reactions that my friend had to my different opinions concerning smoking. I have attempted to persuade my friends to stop smoking. While attempting the momentous task I observed Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance at work. For example, I told one of my friends that I was concerned about how much they had been smoking recently. He quickly told me that, â€Å"my grandfather smoked for nearly all his life and he is in good health.† In this particular instance we can see the basic premise of the consistency theories at work. The guy who said this statement likes me and is my friend. He also enjoys smoking. When I made the statement that I was concerned with the levels of tobacco consumption he disregarded my opinion by using past experiences as evidence to back his point. He is a friend so I assume he somewhat values my opinion, but he upgraded his opinion of smoking and...

Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essays

Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essays Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essay Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essay Both the trailers of Gladiator and Pokemon show their titles at the end. This gives a dramatic line up towards the title. Both titles are shown very well. There are loud thumps and the fonts of the titles make connection to its background and sound effects. In the trailers, this happens with all the big names including actors and directors. Both Gladiator and Pokemon are action packed, so their genres are action-adventure. The trailer of Gladiator, however, shows more violence in terms of blood and gore. On the other hand, Pokemon shows the kind of violence that is suitable for children. The older, more mature person may find the trailer of Pokemon less interesting, as firstly it shows bright colours in two- dimensional characters therefore being a cartoon, and secondly, all cartoons are based at children and he or she may find the trailer childish and boring. Even though the trailer of Gladiator shows more violence, the two trailers are similar in the way they show their action packed parts. The visual effects in each trailer show tiny flashes or linkages that bring the next frame to sight. The audio effects also make the audience more aware of what type of film it is. Gladiator starts with loud, heavy drum beats that are very powerful and helps notice what kinds of things the trailer is going to possess. From these drum beats there are louder sections of music, which match with the visuals. Together, we notice that the trailer will show action. In Pokemon, there is a heavy voice over which easily gives away the movie genre. As the voice has a powerful, calling effect, we not only notice what type of genre the trailer will show, but we also notice how demanding the trailer becomes because of it. For example, it is as if a person is calling you from the kitchen to come and see the trailer. Also, the music in the back fits in with the low voice and together they form the ultimate dynamic duos. Gladiator has an obvious unique selling point. It is Russell Crowe. Throughout each frame we see parts that link in with Russell Crowe. When we are told that Russell Crowe is starring in the film, by his name coming up in a black screen, we are straight after shown a mid shot from a camera pointing up at Russell Crowe in a mise en scene. This gives an overpowering effect and tells the audience that this is one of his movies where he means business. Even more, people who watch over trailers will see that in the last frame of the trailer, the name Russell Crowe appears before the title itself. This is called an A list and shows that Russell Crowe is the main actor of the film. The unique selling point of the Pokemon trailer is somewhat different to an actual man in Gladiator. As visual effects of the trailer are always based on Pokemon, we know that the unique selling point cannot be anything else but the title of the trailer itself. The Pokemon craze was very well set up. When it spread to western countries including England, every child had to watch Pokemon television programmes, have their own set of Pokemon cards, toys and videos. When the trailer was released every child had to go and see the movie it brought with it. So the unique selling point is far less materialised, but is the actual Pokemon craze itself. In the Pokemon trailer, although we are made to believe the fight is between Mew and Mewtwo, we see many of the Pokemon in trailer wandering about or in the battles themselves. But even then we see that the craze is far more powerful than any other specific unique selling point. Therefore by analysing both the genres of the trailers and their unique selling points we are able to see the target audiences that the directors are selecting. The target audiences for Gladiator are those who enjoy blood and gore, and those that like or would die for Russell Crowe. Target audiences for the Pokemon trailer are those who enjoy cartoons and those who are mentally and physically obsessed with the Pokemon itself i.e. children. We can say mentally and physically because of the Pokemon craze. By mentally, I mean those children or people who enjoy watching and thinking about Pokemon. By physically, I mean those children or people who like collecting Pokemon toys and cards. In addition to the less detailed trailers, the Pokemon trailer is clever in the way that it involves its target audience: Bring all YOUR skill. This allows the target audience to be allowed to have permission to feel like they are in an actual arena instead of feeling as if they are in the same old cinem a. All movies have some kind of an advertisement. An advertisement is the act of advertising or making something known, in this case the movie, using any means of device, for obtaining public notice or notoriety. Whether it be a trailer or a poster, the whole point of them are to lure people who enjoy the kind of setting it portrays (target audience). All advertisements have their target audiences, unique selling points, genre, and show who directed the film, who acts in the film and has to show the title of the film. The adverts have visual and audio effects, which portray these subjects. As both of the trailers show these subjects very well with special effects, both the trailers were known for their class and showings of these subjects. For example, this year at the Oscars, Gladiator was awarded best picture and picked up four other Oscars as well. Russell Crowe was awarded best leading actor for his appearances in his movie premier, Gladiator. The other Oscars the movie won were Best costume design, sound and visual effects. This shows that because of the vast amount of publicity that the advertisements of Gladiator brought, so many people went to see the movie, that in the end it was awarded all those Oscars.

Future of Quantum Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Future of Quantum Computing - Research Paper Example In the year 1982, Feynman revealed that to produce a quantum structure, the computer has to be operational quantum automatically, or else one wants a QC. The preliminary application for the practical execution of a Quantum Computing was developed in 1993. The fundamental element of quantum data and information in a Quantum Computing is the qubit or quantum bit. A particular quantum bit is can be envisioned because of a two-state structure like that a two-level atom and a spin-half. The probable influence of a Quantum Computing is foundational on the capability of quantum arrangements to be in a superposition of its fundamental circumstances. The entire of these statistics signifies through the fundamental states that would be controlled at the same time. For that reason, a Quantum Computing has vast quantum parallelism (Shu-Shen Li, 2003). Merging mathematics, physics as well as computer science, QC has developed in the precedent two decades beginning a visionary thought to one of the majority attractive regions of quantum technicalities. The modern anticipation in this active as well as approximate area of research was prompted by (Peter Shor-1994) who demonstrated how a quantum technology algorithm might exponentially "accelerate" conventional working out as well as attribute huge statistics into leading a great deal further swiftly (as the smallest amount in terms of the number of computational phases concerned) than some acknowledged standard algorithm (Hagar, 2007). The algorithm for Quantum Computing is offered by Shor which is acknowledged as the Shor’s algorithm was quickly pursued through numerous additional algorithms that intended to find the solutions of combinatorial and algebraic problems, as well as in the preceding a small amount of years abstract improved quantum systems allocation for the reaso n that computational strategy has attained incredible development.  

Report on Nutrition and Breastfeeding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report on Nutrition and Breastfeeding - Essay Example The Australian Breastfeeding Association and many other bona fide health institutions around the world consider breastfeeding as the best feeding practice that mothers are encouraged to comply to ensure optimal health and well-being of their children (â€Å"Why Breastfeeding is,† 2005; World Health Organization (WHO), n.d.a) -- and suggested positive effects have indeed inspired many to do so. Besides providing nutrition, breast milk is also believed to help spare a baby from a range of illnesses. In the year 2004, the Federal Government received a report about the alarming trend of the decline in breastfeeding rates among mothers as their babies reach the first few months (as cited in Godfrey, 2009). As a result, the Department of Health and Aging introduced the Australian National Breastfeeding Strategy 2010-2015 in response to the perceived threat to the health of the young Australians which is â€Å"recognized as a matter of national importance† (National Public Health Partnership (NPHP), 2004). As health providers, it is the responsibility of nurses to perform their designated roles in advocating proper breastfeeding practices and nutrition among infants in the community level in support to the thrust of promoting health and preventing illness in the population. Complementary Feeding - â€Å"Complementary feeding refers to feeds that are given after 6 months of age when breast milk along does not provide adequate nutrition to the growing infant† (Bhat, 2009, p. 43). Despite the fact that Australia is indeed one of the healthiest countries in the whole world, it cannot be denied that it still suffers from major health problems like most, if not all, of the countries around the world do. What makes Australia’s health status unique, however, is the presence of a considerable socioeconomic status diversity between its mainstream and Indigenous populations (Moodie, Harper, and Oldenburg, 2008, p. 4). Because it is

The high rate of violence on TV and video games causes the high rate Research Paper

The high rate of violence on TV and video games causes the high rate of depression and sadness in American society - Research Paper Example demonstrates that trauma felt in childhood can often carry over into adulthood, causing distress, depression, and increased violence in the individual. This is true of television as well, and there is definitely a connection between watching television and increased feeling of depression and violence in adulthood. According to psychodynamic theory, something is generally â€Å"missing† from an individual’s life as the cause of depression, and for those that watch far too much television as children. This missing element can often be play with other children or interaction with family (some psychologists have referred to television as a detrimental type of babysitter for families). Studies show that television is an integral part of culture and many families spend more time in front of the television than they do conversing. Hence, this lack of social and familiar interaction can also contribute to the depression present in those that are exposed to too much television, along with the psychological trauma inflicted by violent television. Furthermore, the violence witnessed on television also creates problems from a psychodynamic standpoint and leads to depression. Trauma experienced via watching television in childhood can carry through to adulthood and cause further problems of depression for adults that viewed too much violence on television as children. Like psychodynamic theory states, this â€Å"dynamic† of television is the problem that roots itself in childhood and carries itself through adulthood, causing depression. The first part of this problem comes from the fact that television is in high demand in our culture. Many children and adults watch 21-23 of television per week, and 3 to 5 violent acts per hour ("Media Violence (RE9526)" 1). Many families have taken to watching television while eating dinner, and most families admit that they watch television when they eat instead of having conversations with each other. This can often attribute to

Contemporary ethical issues of Euthanasia Research Paper

Contemporary ethical issues of Euthanasia - Research Paper Example Abrahamic religion teaches us that God is the only person who can take life away. Meaning that God is the one who owns you and it is up to him to decide when you are going to die. Christians have no option than to painfully prolong their life until death occurs naturally. If the patient is a Christian, then his religion teaches him that he should fear God and should not consider Euthanasia as an option. The religion also teaches that life is a gift from God and therefore sustaining and terminating it is under his control. ‘Christians believe that life is more that the existence of biology and a human being has a soul t within his body and therefore, death releases his soul to eternal destiny. In Exodus 20: 13 and 1 John 3:15, they explain that life is by God’s choice and therefore, the cessation of life is also by his design. According to these scriptures we believe that it is morally wrong to take the life of another human being. However, the society is becoming more pe rverse in relation to the sacredness of life. With abortion being legalized, the ensuing view of life is also reaching at its low level, where by, the right to die option has come up, as well as dying with pride and other models dealing with value and quality of life are slowly dominating the thinking of our humanity. (Young, 2010). One debatable concept that has come is euthanasia, deliberately ending the life of an individual who is suffering from incurable or painful disease. The request for euthanasia can either be voluntary or non-voluntary. The person responsible for the patient can also make a decision on behalf of the patient. This is morally unacceptable and secondly it is murder. Passive euthanasia or withholding the life of a new born through starvation or similarly withholding the life of an extremely ill patient is also referred to as euthanasia (Rachels, 2005). From the acceptable medical related euthanasia, it is one of the step to eliminate the financial or social burden from individuals who are responsible for the terminally ill patient, such death is short of murder and should therefore, not be accepted in a society. Additionally, there are social implications of euthanasia for example, the elderly, sick, handicapped and above all the life in its own way. The study of Abrahamic religions explains that the disposition of every life is more than sacred and cannot be entrusted to the control of human beings. It should be left in the hands of the almighty, putting in mind that God is the doer of all things (Young, 2010). 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 state that human beings are the temple of the Holy Ghost, which is in every human being, and has God and not their

Global Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Skills - Essay Example The opportunity enabled me to gain more confidence in communicating with diverse people with an array of cultural orientation, specifically from France, aside from my native country and in America. The new insights gained from learning the French culture and language equipped me with the basic skills to increase the possibility of living in Europe and enable me to communicate with others using their language. Further, by reinforcing learning the dimensions of culture, I was able to acquire a better edge from other people of the same qualifications as mine, but without the knowledge of speaking French. Through learning intricate details of the French culture, I was fortunate to have shared interesting facts that could improve communication, interpersonal relationships and possible entry to global organizations from that country, in particular, if given the right opportunity. To reiterate, I enrolled in a French for travel class that provided basic theoretical guidelines on grammar, sy ntax and frequently used statements for daily communication. In doing so, proficiency in French was initially gained. With regular practice and continued study in higher class modules, I am sure that I would be highly proficient in the language. These skills could be applied in future plans to either live or work in Europe. The basic communication skills of learning French would be used for relevant correspondences: both speaking and writing, as one envisions working with a global organization, either in France, or with branches in Europe. As a result of learning a third language, I gained more competence and confidence to communicate with people from France or from other French speaking countries. Learning more about cultural values, traditions and practices of their particular culture honed my global skills and prepared me for future endeavors in Europe, or possible in other countries around the world. With the initiation of learning a third language, I can always opt to study oth er languages deemed appropriate and consistent with future plans to either live in a particular foreign country or to work in a global organization. Global Knowledge The lessons provided by the French for travel class, a writing intensive class, and an art class enabled me to expand knowledge encompassing geographical and socio-cultural facts in non-US countries. The theories, applications and historical concepts learned from these classes widened my understanding on diverse cultural perspectives of Europe, in particular. The knowledge gained from these activities assist in making intellectual comparative analysis between the cultural orientation of my native country, the practices, values and norms in the United States, and that of the new learning. These activities assisted in gaining expanded global knowledge of rich traditional and culture from other countries that would prepare me for future plans to work in global organizations. The classes and activities, likewise, provided e nriched information on the French culture and art history, among others, that encouraged friendships and strong interpersonal relationships from diverse students from Europe. The art history class, for instance, gave me wider perspectives and information on the evolution and components of art in Europe through time. It made me more appreciative of aesthetic value of different art forms, styles and expressions found in various media. The experiences made me appreciate contemporary generation’s open outlook and ability to embrace, accept and possibly

Contemporary ethical issues of Euthanasia Research Paper

Contemporary ethical issues of Euthanasia - Research Paper Example Abrahamic religion teaches us that God is the only person who can take life away. Meaning that God is the one who owns you and it is up to him to decide when you are going to die. Christians have no option than to painfully prolong their life until death occurs naturally. If the patient is a Christian, then his religion teaches him that he should fear God and should not consider Euthanasia as an option. The religion also teaches that life is a gift from God and therefore sustaining and terminating it is under his control. ‘Christians believe that life is more that the existence of biology and a human being has a soul t within his body and therefore, death releases his soul to eternal destiny. In Exodus 20: 13 and 1 John 3:15, they explain that life is by God’s choice and therefore, the cessation of life is also by his design. According to these scriptures we believe that it is morally wrong to take the life of another human being. However, the society is becoming more pe rverse in relation to the sacredness of life. With abortion being legalized, the ensuing view of life is also reaching at its low level, where by, the right to die option has come up, as well as dying with pride and other models dealing with value and quality of life are slowly dominating the thinking of our humanity. (Young, 2010). One debatable concept that has come is euthanasia, deliberately ending the life of an individual who is suffering from incurable or painful disease. The request for euthanasia can either be voluntary or non-voluntary. The person responsible for the patient can also make a decision on behalf of the patient. This is morally unacceptable and secondly it is murder. Passive euthanasia or withholding the life of a new born through starvation or similarly withholding the life of an extremely ill patient is also referred to as euthanasia (Rachels, 2005). From the acceptable medical related euthanasia, it is one of the step to eliminate the financial or social burden from individuals who are responsible for the terminally ill patient, such death is short of murder and should therefore, not be accepted in a society. Additionally, there are social implications of euthanasia for example, the elderly, sick, handicapped and above all the life in its own way. The study of Abrahamic religions explains that the disposition of every life is more than sacred and cannot be entrusted to the control of human beings. It should be left in the hands of the almighty, putting in mind that God is the doer of all things (Young, 2010). 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 state that human beings are the temple of the Holy Ghost, which is in every human being, and has God and not their

Understanding Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding Statistics - Essay Example Understanding Statistics The ordinal scales provide no evident variation amongst the variables. This scale only evaluates the order of the values. The ordinal scales measure the concepts that are not numeric such as fulfillment, jovialness and discomfort among others. In any analysis, an individual can elucidate that number four is better than number three though the extent is not clear again, it is not easy to determine the variation between ok and happy. The interval scales encompass numeric scales that besides providing the order, they also provide the accurate differences between the variables in question. A standard example is the Celsius temperature such as the disparity between 30 and 40 degrees is 10 degrees. Time can also provide precise variations where the disparity between six and four minutes is two minutes. Ratio scales are essential in statistical evaluations to its flexibility for alterations seeking accuracy. The ratio scale can be multiplied, added, divided or subtracted and the central ten dency measures estimated. A discrete variable involves well determined set of predetermined set of probable values-states. The variables include the provision that is either â€Å"true† or †false†, the team that will win and the number of dime in a pouch amongst others. Nonetheless, the variables might appear to be discrete at one point and continuous at a different perspective. The continuous variable opts to take on a position between two extreme positions or values. Continuous variables encompass the indoor temperature, direction travelled or the water used. The discrete variable tends to depict a digital quantity whilst the continuous variable tends to be analog in quantity. According to the explanations provided on the above scales, the different statistical research studies can select any of the according to suitability for application. The continuous and the discrete variables have significance on the selection of the research methodologies to use since the experimental method would be appropriate with discrete data whilst the researches dealing with conventional aspects might find it appropriate to employ continuous variables in the research activity. The area under the normal distribution is proportional to the overall area. The total area covered in the normal curve is equivalent to one. The curves never attain the situation Y = 0 but move to the positive infinity and the negative infinity. The shape assumed by the normal curve is infinite and depends on the mean and the standard deviation. The z-score is a critical tool in data evaluation and is used to determine the extent to which a point x is high or below the population mean ?. It is the providence of the T-statistic with predetermined mean and the standard deviation. In case of interference with the degree of freedom to an extent of assuming population mean and the standard deviation from the availed sample, then it fails to be T-statistic. The percentile rank of a normally d istributed population can be estimated readily through the use of z- scores. In the e vent that the area under a curve is apportioned above and below the mean, the partitions obtained are the similar to the probability picking a value in the similar range. For instance, the area between the standard deviation above and below t

Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizational Structures Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizational Structures Essay Departmentalization: Advantage- More specialized in certain fields, communication is excellent because of the knowledge one has about the function of the job, easier to work as a team to get better results. Disadvantage-Staff does not always know the case of the client in detail, other organizations may not always talk to the same person, and very specific job knowledge is required, hard to find a fill in for positions. Matrix Organizations: Advantages-more flexible than departmentalization, more than one person in charge that one can go to for assistance, wider choice for employees that fit the need. Disadvantages-employees are harder to manage due to independence, could increase expenses, more employees needed, lack of loyalty to position, constant team work needed. The Project Team: Advantages-less managers, better communication, less stress on one person. Disadvantages-who is in charge may create conflict, lack of consideration for others, lack of accountability, lack of job focus. The collegial model: Advantages-independent functioning, independent decision making, each person is equal in responsibility, each generates own income, total flexibility. Disadvantages-lack of accountability, lack of authority. In day to day operations the Matrix structure would serve well for a counseling center as its advantages are stronger than its disadvantages, Project Team structure would be the better choice for the center as it has a stronger back bone to carry the center. The Departmentalization structure is the strongest of all choices as it divides the employees by knowledge and has a better opportunity to assist clients. The collegial model would not be efficient in a counseling center as there is no real set structure for day to day operations; its disadvantages are stronger than its advantages.

Gender Differences In Mobile Phone Use Media Essay

Gender Differences In Mobile Phone Use Media Essay The study aims at exploring the gender differences in mobile phone usage by the male and female. Two main dimensions of mobile phone use are voice call and texting. Following Rubin et al (1988)s six interpersonal motives, the study collects data from a cluster of graduate and undergraduate students to assess what communication motives do they feel gratified while using mobile phones in both the dimensions. Contemporarily, we are passing through a transformation phase where communication technologies are shaping the destinies of new world. Old fashion capital and labour-intensive technologies are being replaced by the innovative technologies which include robotics, cellular communications, miniature motors, super computers, software production and high performance materials. Contemporary technological advancement and improvement like internet and computer mediated communication indicate that the communication technology revolution is still young. Significant aspects of this revolution include speed, integrity, sophistication, and cost. Interestingly, the high cost of telecommunication has been reduced drastically as compared to what it was in the last decade: almost negligible. Similarly, superconductivity and data compression and integration techniques have made it possible to produce mobisodes short episodes for mobile viewers, and webisodes minidramas to view on net and in advertis ements (Vivian, 2007, p.197). The technological boom in the recent times has introduced new facets of media in the cultural settings of every society. Internet and cyber-spacing are stretching the commercial organizations to the boundaries of imagination. Paperless business transactions through e-mails and internet have altered the ways of doing business and changed culture in economic institution. National frontiers do not seem to exist anymore as business alliances have expanded beyond physical boundaries. Logical lines distinguish the businesss nature and extent, while complex transnational commercial alliances are taking place where the manufacturers do not know for whom they are producing and ordering agencies do not know where the products will be marketed and used. Competition has expanded worldwide and capital is flowing through satellites. Such business environment is absolutely unprecedented that has affected the cultural spheres with the same speed and spirit. Other face of technological development is the value of information. Information has become a commodity which affects economics immensely. Contemporary advanced technology has not only made economics to smooth and faster through rapid flow of data and information, but it has also created a culture conducive to economic growth. Similarly, unlike old indicators and predictors of economic growth, communication technology has set new standards and parameters to gauge development of a society. For instance, those who have access to modern technologies and benefit from them and those who dont have access are two main social classes with different cultural identities. Poverty and affluence are two binary features of every society, and they have ramifications on the construction and development of culture of a social system. Technological progress has also affected the primitive social stratification regimes which has bases in economic wealth. New social categories have been created by the technologies. These categories are less economic based rather rely on the degree of diffusion of innovative technologies in a society. The four distinguished features are: high-speed, knowledge intensive, transnational and highly disciplinarian. The old disparities between rich and poor have been overwhelmed by new differences: fast and slow, learning and static, plugged-in and unplugged and localized or globalized. Apparently, the difference between poor and rich is visible from their acquisition of education and institution of enrolment. This distinction is quickly vanishing as poorly staffed educational institutions are being upgraded almost overnight through virtual links with premier universities of the world. Virtual educational environment is developing on strong footings effecting cost and quality parameters of education. Now, due to technological enhancement, it is possible for people to learn anything, anytime, anywhere. Marshal McLuhan prophecies are proving true in present day media dominated societies. He, in early 1960s, focused on a different aspect of technological developments called media determinism. The epistemological assumption of media determinism explains that the society changes its ways of communication with the change of information medium. McLuhan says that new technologies alter the culture for better understanding of the technology and ways to use it. This indicates a constant change process of culture and societal ways of doing things due to fast growing information technologies and emerging media. Medium is the message is the title of McLuhans best selling book where he explains his ultimate position on media determinism. He believes that we shape our tools (media) and they (media) in turn shape us (Griffin, 2003, p.344). For him, it has less significant that what is said, rather how it is delivered matters. Besides global village and medium is the message, McLuhans phrase techn ology as extensions of the human body also attracted media theorist and generated a great debate. Similarly, he used tetrad  [1]  to explain the effects of technology on culture and society. Marshal McLuhan visualised the effects of mass media on society and culture in early 1960s when technological development had not hit media spheres as immensely as it seems now. Due to his prophetic approach in understanding the effects of technology on culture of a society, he gained the status of a cult hero and high priest of pop-culture  [2]  . Literature review The studies on mobile phone use draw on the telephone research based on uses and gratifications perspective. They attempt to explain the reasons people make use of (mobile) phone and what kinds of expectations or gratifications people like to have in (mobile) phone. According to telephone studies, generally two categories of motives are found: instrumental or task-oriented and intrinsic or social motives (e.g., Dimmick et al., 1994b; Fischer, 1988; Keller, 1977; Noble, 1987; OKeefe et al., 1995; Springer, 1981).  Intrinsic use means that people communicate with others through telephone for the purpose of companionship or reassurance, while instrumental use refers to use of telephone for utility, for example, information seeking or making appointments. But the reasons people use mobile phones are a bit different from the reasons they use telephones. Leung Wei (2000) found not only social and instrumental motives of mobile phone use but mobility, immediacy, and fashion/status motives as well. In a similar way, Bae (2001) shows that the Korean peoples satisfactions sought from mobile phone are entertainment, sociability, transaction, Immediacy and privacy. In his study, immediacy and privacy reflect the characteristics of mobile phone communication. Besides, Lee (2001) suggests a variety of motives of Korean college students, like; time management, face and conformity, and showing off. Why do people communicate and what interpersonal motives they essentially gratify from mobile use are interesting aspects addressed in this paper. We understand that mobile phone is primarily a medium of interpersonal communication, of which motives assess ones functional preferences for communication (Rubin et al., 1988). Moreover, these motives affect who people talk to, how they talk, and what they talk about (Barbato et al., 2003, p.126). Interpersonal communication motives refer to basic reasons people communicate with others. Schutz (1966) suggests that interpersonal needs are fulfilled on both behavioral and emotional levels. Behaviorally, inclusion is the need to perform satisfactory interactions and associations with others. Emotionally, it is the need to maintain mutual interests and acknowledge others. Behaviorally, control is the need to initiate or preserve power and influence over others. Emotionally, it is the call for achievement or the need to maintain mutual respect for the capability of others. Behaviorally, affection is the need to initiate or keep relationships based on love, respect, and care. Emotionally, it is the need to achieve or maintain mutual support and connection with others (Schutz, 1966). In Rubin et al.s (1988) seminal study, six motives were identified: pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, and control. Those provoked to communicate for pleasure do so for leisure, stimulation, and entertainment. The people, who were motivated to communicate for affection, do so to show appreciation and concerned for others. Those motivated to communicate for inclusion do so to avoid being lonely. Those motivated to communicate for escape do so to avoid other activities and pass time. Those motivated to communicate for relaxation do so to chill out and rest. Finally, those motivated to communicate for control do so to gain compliance or obedience from others. Robin (1988) divided motives into further two categories: relationally oriented motives (affection, inclusion, pleasure, and relaxation) and personal influence motives (control and escape). Studies have examined motives for communicating in general and motives in specific interpersonal relationships, ranging from n on-intimate to intimate (Bailey et al., 2003). Graham et al (1993) argues that communicating for affective motives is common not just in family relationships but in other intimate dyads such as lovers and close friends. Bailey et al. (2003) adds more that although co-workers are motivated to communicate with one another for relaxation, they are not motivated to communicate with one another for inclusion. The motives to communicate with others of similar relationship type can be different; for instance, the motives to communicate with sons and daughters vary even if both are in parent-child relationships. With this background, we will pay attention to the relationships between six interpersonal motives and mobile phone use. Research is different from other uses and gratifications researches because social and interpersonal aspects of mobile phone use are the focal point; this study addresses how people meet their interpersonal needs through mobile phone. The basic function of mobile phone is to mediate two persons. We generally use a mobile phone to contact others. Especially for young generation, text messaging is one of the most favorite interpersonal channels (Grinter Eldridge, 2001; Kasesniemi et al., 2002). Text messaging seems equal, and in case of youth rather superior, to voice call. Obviously voice call and text messaging are separate and independent media although both are contained in one device. Voice call has higher level of social presence and is richer medium than text messaging. Social presence means the feeling that other actors are jointly involved in communicative interaction (Short et al., 1976, p.65). Likewise media richness refers to the ability of the medium to transmit multiple cues, immediacy of feedback, language variety and personal focus of the medium (Daft Lengel, 1986). Perse Courtright (1993) suggests that text-based interactions (e.g., e-mail, SMS, IMS) have been found to have less social presence or media richness than voice-based interactions (telephone or voice mail) as they lack nonverbal cues compared with other media. Therefore, it is clear that text messaging in a mobile device provides lower level of richness and social presence than mobile phone call does. We, therefore, consider voice and text channels included in a mobile phone as equal alternatives to be selected when people want to communicate with others apart. In gender difference theory, it is generally considered that women differ from men and vice versa. The difference has been typically referred as expressive and instrumental (Parsons Bales, 1955), or as communal and agentic (Bakan, 1966). Parsons Bales (1955) differentiate masculine and feminine quality as instrumental and expressive, respectively. Criterion of such division is situative motivation. So, instrumentality refers orientation of the person to achievement of the purpose outside the situation interpersonal interaction characterized by tolerance to emotional reactions of other persons. Expressivity considers a fulfillment of interests of the person directly on a situation of interpersonal interaction according to emotional reactions of other persons (Parsons Bales, 1955). Similarly, Bakan (1966) notes that gender differences can be divided into communal and agentic dimensions. Communal dimension involves concern for others, whereas agentic behaviors signify a focus on inde pendence. Wajcman (1991) contends that women have been excluded from the connection between men and technology, and that the production and use of technology are shaped by male power and interests. To show the technologys masculinity, he illustrates various social processes interrelated make new technology; for example, computer into an unfamiliar culture for women. In this culture, people cannot help but think women as inferior to men in cognition and performance relating to technology (Ibid). Accordingly, in this study we examine the gender differences in motivations and uses of mobile media. Such exclusive qualities as relation-oriented vs. task-oriented have been identified in different researches. According to Deaux and Lewis (1984), stereotypical man is instrumental, assertive, competitive, dynamic, and task-competent; the stereotypical woman is kind, nurturing, sensitive, relationally oriented, and expressive. In a metaanalysis, Mazzella et al. (1994) concludes that gender differences in personality are generally even across ages, educational levels, and nations. Moreover, popular press propagates gender stereotypes. Masculinity presented by press is strong, ambitious, successful, rational, and non emotional while femininity is attractive, deferential, unaggressive, emotional, nurturing, and concerned with people and relationships (Wood, 1996). Perceptions about new technology are issue to gender analysis, and when observing communication habits, it is important to be aware of the different ways in which male and females view the telephone in general. Men are stereotypically expected to possess technological competence and know how, skills and interest (Lohan, 1997). In contrast to the task-orientated usage that characterizes the male use of the telephone, Lohan (1997) describes female style as person-oriented. Gossip is often a word used to describe what women do on the telephone. Such gender differences are also found in patterns of media behaviors. For a telephone, women use it more than men (Claisse Rowe, 1987; Fischer, 1992) and their motive for using it is primarily intrinsic or social one (Claisse Rowe, 1987; Dimmick, Sikand, Patterson, 1994a; Moyal, 1992; Rakow, 1988). They keep close personal relationship and set up their relationship with others who are at a distance. As for a mobile phone, the gender difference in conventional telephone use seems to have extended. In a research by Leung Wei (2000), men tend to use mobile phone as an instrument to do business while women tend to make social calls, and men make use of it more than women do. In addition women have more attachment to their mobile phones than man do, especially to text massaging (Sun, 2004). Ling et al. (2005), a Norwegian researcher found difference in texting behavior between sexes despite the fact that men were quicker in adopting mobile phone and women became the more enthusiastic texters. On the basis of his deep observations, Linger suggested that women are more adroit and more literary texters. Negating the statement that gender use of mobile phone is becoming similar, study among young Finns (16-20 years) identifies that males tend to ward trendy use (focus on design and technology functions) while females tended toward addictive use (focus on the use value) (Wilska 2003). In Europe, where mobile text messaging is more popular, a recent study shows that female users in the age group of 12 to 25 are apparently more enthusiastic about using SMS as a means of communication than male users (Peters et al, 2003). Samarajiva (2008), in a survey of low-income telephone users in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, found little gender differences in calls per month and call duration. Neilsen Mobiles recent data on texting in the U.S. shows a huge bulge in texting for ages 13-17, but the data are not broken down by sex. Theoretical Framework For this study, it has been found that Uses and Gratification approach propounded by Blumer and Katz is the most suitable theory to base the research and its finding. Media users have a free will to decide how they will use the media and how it will affect them. It is an optimistic view of the media according to uses and gratification approach. Blumler and Katzs uses and gratification theory suggests that media users play an active role in choosing and using the media.   Users take an active part in the communication process and are goal oriented in their media use. It is audience-centered approach that a media user seeks out a media source that best fulfills the needs of the user.  The actual needs satisfied by media are called media gratifications. Katz, Gurevitch and Haas (1973) developed 35 needs taken from the social and psychological functions of the mass media and put them into five categories  [3]  : cognitive needs, affective needs, personal integrative needs, social integrative needs, and tension release needs. With respect to modern technology such as mobile phone, this theory still applies. The mobile phone has multiple functions; communication device (voice calls, text messaging), entertainment device (music, games), information source i.e. mobile internet (Google-ing, online news, etc). For this study, mobile phone will serve the communication function of media and will investigate male and female interpersonal motives and the channel (voice call/ text messaging) they prefer most to satisfy their interpersonal needs. Out of above mentioned needs, only six interpersonal needs; inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation will be taken in the perspective of both voice calls and text messaging. Blumler Katz wraps up the model that different people can use the same communication message for very different purpose. Single media content may gratify different needs for different individuals and there is not only one way that people use media, there are as many reasons for using the media as there are media users. In interpersonal motive context, one may satisfy his inclusion need through sending a text message but the other may feel it pleasure to send a text message. In the same way it may be an act of escape for a person to make a voice call but the other person may feel relax while making a call. Even a voice call/ text message may possibly satisfy more than one interpersonal needs of the sender/receiver. Research questions Following are the main research questions addressed in this research: RQ1: Are there differences between men and women in frequencies of using voice calls and text messaging. RQ2: Are there differences in men and women in interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging? In order to collect data on our main variable, we replicated Rubin et al.s interpersonal motives; inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation in context of both voice calls and text messaging. Methodology This is research is quantitative in nature, and data was collected in a survey using a close-ended questionnaire. The instrument was developed to measure the differences between men and women in the interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging. Respondents were also asked to report their frequency of mobile phone use, overall number of calls and text messages sent and received in a day. Like most of this kind of researches, we used ordinal level of measurement wherein attributes were rank ordered. Likert scale was used to measure the interpersonal motives.   The population under investigation is mobile phone users from all the universities of Islamabad the capital of Pakistan. Since these mobile phone users are diverse and discrete, it is not easy to investigate the entire population. The researcher adopted cluster sampling technique to collect a sample of 200 students all the six public sector universities, including 100 from each gender. Both genders have been divided in five faculties by randomly selecting forty students from each faculty. For this study, the variables that were conceptualized and operationalized include young adults, text messaging and interpersonal motives.   Young adult are those attaining age between late teens and early twenties. For data collection on this key variable, we selected a group of male and female ages between 18 and 26 as our target population.   According to PC magazine, sending short messages to a smart phone, pager, PDA or other handheld device is called text messaging  [4]  . For this study text message is conceptualized as Short Messaging Service (SMS) through mobile phone, which supports messages of up to 160 characters.   An emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action is called motive  [5]  . The data have been collected on Rubin et al.s interpersonal motives; inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation. The six interpersonal motives have been conceptualized and operationalized in the following manner: Please: The gratification of the senses or mind or agreeable sensations or emotions is called pleasure  [6]  . For the purpose of research pleasure is operationalized as an act that a person do for entertainment, fun and enjoyment. Affection: Affection is a tender feeling toward another  [7]  and was operationalized for this study affection as an act of showing appreciation and care for others. Inclusion: The act of including or the state of being included is called inclusion  [8]  . We have conceptualized inclusion as the desire to be with someone. To avoid being lonely. Escape: Escape means to break loose from confinement or get free  [9]  . For data collection on this motive, we have operationalized escape as to pass the time or avoid other activities. Relaxation: Relaxation is generally taken as rest or freedom from activity/work/strain or responsibility and it is operationalized as an activity to chill out. Control: Controllability is to exercise authoritative or dominating influence over someone or to direct someone  [10]  . For the purpose of data collection on this variable we have operationaized it to gain compliance or obedience from others. Results Of the respondents, our sample was equally represented by both male and female. 24% of the respondents were between the ages of 18-20, 52% were 21-24 years, and 18% were in 24-26 years age bracket, while the remaining 7% were in over 26 years age group. Age distribution of the respondents dont show an even representation of all age groups as the research emphasis was on even gender representation. However in the income distribution, 33% of the respondents fell in the 20-30 (thousand) category, while 28% fell in 31-40 (thousand) category. Only 17% 21% fell in 41-50(thousand) and above 50 thousand categories respectively. In Pakistan, income below Rs.30,000 is considered below average, and average between Rs.30,000 and Rs.40,000, while people with income over Rs.40,000 is considered good. However, it greatly depends on the area one lives in besides the size of family. Gender difference in communication motives was calculated on the basis of six interpersonal motives (inclusion, control, affection, pleasure, escape, and relaxation) in context of voice call and text messaging and use of mobile phone was calculated on the basis of calls and text messages sent or received in a day. Results indicate that 36% of the respondents use mobile phone very often, 52% often, while 11% of the respondents use their cell seldom and only 1% reported that they dont use mobile phone daily. In the context of voice call and text messaging, inclusion and affection motives are closely related to each other as 68%, 56% agree, and 16%, 32% strongly agree to the statement respectively that they make a voice call / text messaging to show affection and care to their dear ones. While 50%, 49% agree and 14%, 30% strongly agree to the statement respectively that they make a voice call / send text message to be with someone or avoid being loneliness. RQ1: Are there differences between men and women in frequencies of using voice calls and text messaging. Descriptive statistics indicate no significance difference in mobile phone use among male and female users. Almost equal percentage (male: 92% female: 84%) of our population used mobile. Hence, the results do not indicate any significant difference in mobile phone by both the genders. Five bands with options 0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40 and over 40 calls in a day were employed to observe the differences in call making in both the genders. The sample was described in three categories, viz; casual, moderate and excessive users of mobile for calls and text messaging. Our results indicate that female casual and excessive users make more phone calls than male casual and excessive users, while there is hardly any significant difference in mobile call making between the moderate users of both the genders. On the other hand, the results indicate that males are more profound texters than females in almost all the categories of users. RQ2: Are there differences in men and women in interpersonal motives for using voice call and text messaging? The study collected data on six interpersonal motives as defined earlier, namely; pleasure, inclusion, control, affection, escape, and relaxation in the context of both voice calls and text messaging. Our data predict that male segment strongly disagrees (54%) with this notion that when they are interested to seek pleasure they opt for call making as compared to a relatively smaller proportion (31%) who opt for making a call when seeking for pleasure. Females are also not found to be very different from males in this context. The prime reason seems to be the call rates which are though not very high, but most of our population is not earning hands rather students, for them cost for pleasure seeking matters. On text messaging for pleasure, the results indicate that most of our population (65%) agrees to that they opt for SMS use. However, males have been found to be heavy users of text messages for pleasure seeking motive as compared to females. For the interpersonal motive of inclusion, our results show that majority (65%) of both males and females opt for making a call to their friends. But, 28% of both the genders could not to judge their opinion on this. In gender difference perspective, the male segment of our population has been found to be making more voice calls than females in order to talk to or be with someone. On the other hand for text messaging, the results point out that majority (75%) opts for text messaging to gratify their interpersonal motive of inclusion. Furthermore, as compared to females (60%), male (99%) send more text messages when they need to talk to someone. For interpersonal motive of relaxation, considerably large number (45%) of our population has been found to be using voice call option. For reasons to be explored, it has also been found that about 23% of our population did not opt for either agreement or disagreement rather was suffering from ambivalence. And both the genders were equal in size on ambivalence state. Nevertheless, female segment has been found to be using voice calls slightly more (45%) than males (38%) to satisfy their interpersonal motive of relaxation. On text messaging pretext, data collected indicates that a good number of respondents (65%) opt for SMS to chill out. We could not find out any significant difference between the genders on the use of text messaging to relax. Interestingly, about 60% of both the genders have been found to be uncertain in their feelings whether they do opt for voice call to gratify their interpersonal motive of control which was operationalized as to gain compliance or obedience from friends and people around when they ask them anything to do. Only 33% of the respondents have agreed that they opt for voice call to gain obedience or compliance from their friends, of which males (46%) are greater in size than females (21%). The picture has not been very different in text messaging as about 53% of the sample was confused about their action. We could not observe any significant difference in gender usage of text messaging for this interpersonal motive. When affection motive is investigated for gender difference in context of both voice call and text messaging, it is revealed that females (91%) prefer text message to show affection while males (77%) like to make a voice call to show love and care to their dear ones. Though males have not been lesser in size (80%) who wish to convey affection to their friends and family through text, however, conveying their affection through voice calls is their preferred mode of communication. With regard to escape as interpersonal motive, we have found a confused response as a handful number of the respondents (30%) opted for dont know option. For voice call, we have found clear divide among the respondents, of almost same size, opting for a voice call and not agreeing to making a voice call to gratify their interpersonal need of escape. There is no significant difference of gender variable on this variable. Same response has been found in text messaging in both the genders. An ambivalent response to whether they opt for text messaging to gratify their interpersonal motive of escape, and same almost equal divide in their responses as we observed voice call option. Besides above variables, the study attempted to know the quantum of calls made, received and text sent and received on average in a day by the both the genders. For all the categories, three classes have been constructed: causal, moderate

Declaration of Independence Essay -- U.S. History

Children’s voice shouting in parades, spinning noise-makers, giant flags of red, white, and blue waving in every corner of the street, fireworks light up the night sky, friends and family gathering around with big smile on their faces; it is not somebody’s birthday nor it is an ordinary day. It is a true festival, a country’s birthday. The Fourth of July marks the anniversary of the glorious day in 1776 when America, as a new nation declared to the world its independence from monarchs. Because of the importance of this day, thus, the Declaration of Independence can be considered as one of the most influential documents in American History. Not only that, other organizations and countries have also adopted its manner and tones for their own documents or declarations, such as â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man† from France or the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† from the Women’s Right movement. After the Congress ratified the text on July Fourth, the Declaration of Independence had been issued in several forms. It was originally published as a printed broadside that was generally distributed and read to the public. Nevertheless, although the wording was approved on the Fourth of July, most historians have concluded that â€Å"it was signed almost a month later after its adoption, not on July Fourth as is commonly believed† . The Declaration not only justified the independence of the United States of America by listing colonial complaints against King George III, but it also asserted certain and legal rights, including the right of evolution. Nonetheless, after the American Revolution, the original purpose of the text was ignored. Since then, the Declaration of Independence can only be viewed as a major statement on human rights. Yet, the ques... ...lic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 123–24 John H. Hazelton, The Declaration of independence: its history (New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1906), 13 George William Frederick, His Majesty's most gracious speech to both Houses of Parliament, on Friday, October 27 [i.e. Thursday, October 26], 1775 (Philadelphia, Printed by Hall and Sellers, 1776) Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretative History of the Continental Congress (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 89 Herbert Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence: an interpretation and an analysis (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1904), 67 Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 41 Brian Boyd, Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition and Fiction (Massachusetts, Belknap of Harvard UP, 2010), 21 Declaration of Independence Essay -- U.S. History Children’s voice shouting in parades, spinning noise-makers, giant flags of red, white, and blue waving in every corner of the street, fireworks light up the night sky, friends and family gathering around with big smile on their faces; it is not somebody’s birthday nor it is an ordinary day. It is a true festival, a country’s birthday. The Fourth of July marks the anniversary of the glorious day in 1776 when America, as a new nation declared to the world its independence from monarchs. Because of the importance of this day, thus, the Declaration of Independence can be considered as one of the most influential documents in American History. Not only that, other organizations and countries have also adopted its manner and tones for their own documents or declarations, such as â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man† from France or the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments† from the Women’s Right movement. After the Congress ratified the text on July Fourth, the Declaration of Independence had been issued in several forms. It was originally published as a printed broadside that was generally distributed and read to the public. Nevertheless, although the wording was approved on the Fourth of July, most historians have concluded that â€Å"it was signed almost a month later after its adoption, not on July Fourth as is commonly believed† . The Declaration not only justified the independence of the United States of America by listing colonial complaints against King George III, but it also asserted certain and legal rights, including the right of evolution. Nonetheless, after the American Revolution, the original purpose of the text was ignored. Since then, the Declaration of Independence can only be viewed as a major statement on human rights. Yet, the ques... ...lic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 123–24 John H. Hazelton, The Declaration of independence: its history (New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1906), 13 George William Frederick, His Majesty's most gracious speech to both Houses of Parliament, on Friday, October 27 [i.e. Thursday, October 26], 1775 (Philadelphia, Printed by Hall and Sellers, 1776) Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretative History of the Continental Congress (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 89 Herbert Friedenwald, The Declaration of Independence: an interpretation and an analysis (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1904), 67 Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 41 Brian Boyd, Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition and Fiction (Massachusetts, Belknap of Harvard UP, 2010), 21

Essays --

Aleksander Pushkin, had a very short lived life, but still became the one of the most or most recognizable principal figure of literature in Russia’s history, a role with equivalence to that of William Shakespeare in the English culture. Pushkin started writing off the work of Karamzin as an inspiration and other writers construct a new, westernized language, which he used to form unique masterpieces such as â€Å"I remember the wonderful moment,† which were built upon the basis literary custom established by other famous poets such as Vasilii Zhukovskii who laid down the foundation and led the way for the pre-Romantic and Romantic texts of Konstantin Batiushkovand Evgeny Boratynskii. Pushkin influenced virtually all the major Russian writers who followed him, as well as entire movements of literature, including the texts of late classicism, Romanticism, and early Realism. His influence on Russian culture went even farther; his talents could be viewed by many through musical and theatrical works such as the operas of Tchaikovsky and Mussorgsky. Aleksandr Pushkin was born in Moscow on 6 June 1799 into a poor, but cultured aristocratic family, with a long and recognizable distinguished lineage and would create the start of Modern Russian Literature. On his father's side, he was a long descendent of an ancient noble family. On the other side his mother was one of the many great granddaughters of Gannibal, the legendary Abyssinian; most believe to be the source his African blood. Unfortunately for Pushkin, his mother took little, to no interest in the development of her son, entrusting him French tutors and nursemaids who played the biggest roles in childhood. Pushkin got acquainted with the Russian language through communication with m... ... Pushkin was the first to use everyday speech in his poetry, fusing Old Slavonic with vernacular Russian. This blend gave his works their rich, melodic quality. Alexander Pushkin as Russia's most influential and admired poet, during a time when Russia had no major impact on Literature, and most great literature was being written in English and French, revolutionized Russian literature with love poems, narrative poems, short stories, political poems, plays, novels, fairy tales, and histories. Pushkin with a unique mind, being skeptical and having a sense of irony helped him capture what it means to be Russian, winning the hearts of his fellow countrymen. His writing style contains distinctive rhythmic patterns that are difficult, or nearly impossible to translate, so non-Russian speakers have not always been able to appreciate the true beauty and power of his work.