Sunday, December 29, 2019

Individual Leadership Self-Assessment Project - 1516 Words

Reframing My Leadership Performance Dr. Kenneth Allard’s Conceptual Foundations of Management course has improved my performance as a manager and future as a leader. I have learned the distinction between managers and leaders and what skills are required to fulfill each position. As a result of this course, I have made plans to continue my development as both a great manager and leader. The lectures and assignments in this course have already affected my management performance; these improvements have built a foundation for me to continue my development as a successful manager and leader. Richard T. Pascale, Mark Millemann, and Linda Gioja ‘s Surfing the Edge of Chaos changed the way I manage people and processes at my current job.†¦show more content†¦Dr. Allard has provided important guidance for future leadership. He has shared his personal and professional reflections on the topics of management and leadership and has encouraged me to share my own. Through videos and case studies, the class has discussed the successes and failures of several managers, leaders, and organizations. The most important thing I have learned about leadership is that it is situated in both context and relationship, so it is very difficult to define a categorical list of qualities needed to become a leader. Most people expect a leader to persuade or inspire rather tha n to coerce or give orders, but cannot quantify what traits and skills are needed to accomplish this. In Dr. Allard’s class, we have even studied many managers who acted as leaders in some situations but failures in others, which suggests that no single formula is possible for the great range of circumstances that could occur. Dr. Allard assigned a Harvard Business case study that discussed Carly Fiorina’s assignment as CEO at Hewlett-Packard. Fiorina’s academic and work experience prior to her appointment at HP clearly demonstrated her ability to lead the change-oriented process of visioning, networking, and building relationships. Her theory and method of leading proved successful at Stanford University, the MIT Sloan School of Management, ATT, and Philips Consumer Communications, but did not acclimate well with Hewlett-Packard’s corporate culture. AfterShow MoreRelatedGlobal Events and Leadership753 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Events and Leadersh ip Introduction The Global Issues workshop Is the start of your journey Towards understanding And developing leadership Skills The leadership modules continue the process The GEL Workshop Tutorial Teams January 2012 David Allen Stephen Parry Tudor Rickards Susan Moger Dina Williams Leigh Wharton Louise Pinfold Pikay Richardson Kamel Mnisri (e-facilitator) Alistair Benson Workshop Overview Introductions Global Events and Leadership The Leadership Resource ChallengeRead MoreLeadership Style and Personality Assessment1290 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 1 Assignment Leadership Style and Personality Assessment Anioushka G-Saint Cyril HA510 Professor Yu-Wei Yang August 4, 2015 There are many leadership styles and is important to know which style you are. There are many ways one can learn their leadership style, for example, through assessments. Knowing your leadership style will help you become a better leader. Although there are many leadership assessments our text discussed four assessments that can give insights into building blocksRead MoreIlm Leadership859 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Assessing your own leadership capability and performance (M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meetingRead Moreself assessement Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pageshuman behavior by leaders 1.5 Leadership self-evaluation/self-assessment 1.6 The benefits of self- assessment/self-evaluation to leaders today. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Organisations are made up of people and people are a huge asset to any organization. To be more successful in achieving their goal and objectives; organisations needs to have an understanding about their human assets, their behavior, tendencies, best practice etc..† Leadership is the ability of one personRead MoreAn Assessment Of This Writer s Personal Power Within An Organization Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this paper is to outline an assessment of this writer’s personal power within an organization. The assessment includes strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for personal improvement. Additionally, a plan to actualize an increase in personal power is described; and, the significance of personal power to the nursing profession and the impact to social change is discussed. Self-assessment I currently hold a nurse director’s position in a small rural hospital. ProfessionalRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Regulation On Leadership Abilities1574 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is perhaps the most well studied aspect of this research proposal, but has only minimally been looked at in relation to emotions and stressful situations. Leadership is such a broad concept that any viewing of it from a particular perspective may yield new results. Understanding if leaders can benefit from emotion regulation training is important due to the many factors that can impact leadership abilities (Arnold et al., 2015; Foti Hauenstein, 2007). Openings and gaps in the literatureRead MoreAssessing Transformational Leadership749 Words   |  3 PagesTransformational Leadership Introduction Transformational leaders have the ability to transform organizations and energize them to attain higher levels of accomplishment than they would have ever been able to attain under transactional or authoritarian leadership. It is often said a manager is what one does and a leader is who one is (Den, Deanne, Belschak, 2012). There are many constructs and frameworks that are designed to quantify the relative levels of transformational leadership that individuals haveRead MoreMy First Year At Pacific Lutheran University Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pageswanted to be or what I wanted to do as a career. I am an individual who has little experience of the working world. Being a sophomore student, living at home with my parents and never have had a job, this may have contributed to my lack of awareness of the amount of skills that I will need for my career and not knowing what I like or dislike in a work place. After several months of contemplating back and forth and talking to many individu als, I decided I wanted a career in accounting. A career inRead MorePrimary Factor Of Total Quality Education787 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal goals. School improvement involves collaborative leadership, personalizing the school environment, and assessments to improve leader effectiveness and school performance. In a system of total quality, there must an atmosphere of supportive and harmonious relationships between school leaders and staff, and open communication between the school and all its social agents (Saiti, 2012). In order to have total quality education, proficient leadership and commitment to effective teaching and learningRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1144 Words   |  5 Pages(EI) for effective leadership. Leadership can be described as having a social relation with personnel within an organization to support mission goals and purpose. â€Å"Emotional intelligence includes the ability to perceive, express emotions accurately and adaptively †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (as cited in Ramchunder Martins, 2014). EI is a measurement of leaders to observant of others viewpoints as well your own judgments and beliefs. Key leadership capabilities involves emotions in working with individuals from standpoints

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Tattoos In A Work Place - 1666 Words

Tattoos in the Business World Since I was a little girl, I have always admired the different ways people â€Å"decorate† their bodies: colored hair, make-up, piercings, and tattoos. Though some may be a tad bit outrageous for my taste, I always appreciated it. Piercings, though visible a majority of the times, are easily hidden. There are special piercing rings that are clear, so that they may not be seen if prohibited in a certain environment. Tattoos on the other hand are a much more complicated issue. Tattoos of coarse can be done in areas of the body where one can cover them up with clothing. But what about other areas not so easy to cover, areas such as; hands, neck, face, and arms. I have always been told that I must be careful where I†¦show more content†¦I thought she made a good point about the flower having no offense because it is true it is not a common thing to hear someone tell you to cover your flower tattoo because it offends them. With my motherâ€⠄¢s responses, I was able to figure out that she stands on a neutral position in this dilemma. I next decided to interview my boyfriend, Cris. Cris is a 6’1† guy, twenty years of age, with no tattoos, and no piercings. He grew up with a very religious family, who attend a catholic church weekly. I began to ask him if he had planned on getting any tattoos in the near future. â€Å"No. not at this moment because I don’t want to make a mistake on deciding on a tattoo that will later in the future regret† (Cris). I asked him what do he considered to be a mistake? â€Å"A mistake is anything that isn’t thought through thoroughly. For example a girlfriend’s name, not knowing for sure how long the relationship is gonna last. You have to be extremely careful with decisions like this because once it’s on you’re kinda screwed with it forever or screwed with a bad removal scar† (Cris). Is your Catholic religion against tattoos? â₠¬Å"No not necessarily, there’s a whole bunch of people covered in ink that attend my church, they aren’t treated different. My mom however is against it, she believes what the Bible says when it mentions something about your body being a temple so you must treat it as such† (Cris). Do youShow MoreRelatedTattoos in the work place700 Words   |  3 Pages Tattoos in the work place Today in America there is less problems having tattoos in the work place. As tattoos proliferate, some employers’ are becoming more accepting of body ink peeking through work place attire but the level of acceptance varies depending the industry and the corporate cultural. The work force is more interested in your educational skills and skills for the job. Tattoo policies can vary from one office to the next the argument being that tattoos and certain hairRead MoreTattoos And Its Effects On Society1355 Words   |  6 Pages Tattoos have been around for ages they are done either for cultural expression or religion. Tattoos for most people is a way to express themselves, some people even get them in memory of a loved one that is not around anymore. People with visible tattoos are facing issues in getting hired and keeping a job. Every employer has different policies and rules about visible tattoos in the workplace and is allowed to enforce it any way they can to keep their posi tive company image. It is important howRead MoreTattoos : Tattoos And Tattoos887 Words   |  4 Pages The Need to Know About Tattoos Tattoos are not just putting ink into your skin there’s a lot more behind it. Such as the meaning of the tattoo, the origins of tattoos, how to care for a tattoo, where to get that tattoo, and the understanding that this decision to get a tattoo is permanent. There is a long timeline for tattoos that stretch back to early history, since the the meaning, method and understanding of tattoos have completely changed. Some of the first tattoos that were ever found on mummifiedRead MoreNegative Effects Of Tattoos1473 Words   |  6 Pages Tattoos have been practised for many generations across the entire globe. We, in the Western culture, have adopted tattoos as a way to express ourselves artistically and it is quite common to possess one nowadays. As popular as tattoos have become in our western society, there are still repercussions when participating in this body modification venture. It is typical for adolescents to partake in receiving visible markings as a way to revolt agai nst their parents or authority overall. JuvenilesRead MoreTattoos And Body Of Tattoos Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesTattoos and body pierced has been in our society for many years. Back then when tattoos was not a thing, many culture and religion used to inked their skin. In 1920s tattoos was common on prisoner, sailor, bikers, and that is why a huge part of of the population does not accept tattoos. Now, these days the art of tattoos is increasing, making a lot of money every year. These days people are getting more and more tattoos, making themselves addicted to it. Body art is used by people to express theirRead MoreEssay about Are Tattoos Appropriate in the Workplace954 Words   |  4 Pages Title: Are Tattoos Appropriate in the Workplace? AIU ENG106 October 25, 2014 Abstract Topic: Can having tattoos stop you from getting the job you want? Intervention Strategy: I used brainstorming for my essay. I came up with ideas to explain about tattoos in the workplace. Tattoos can stop you from getting the job you want. I feel that having a tattoo does not stop you from performing the job you are supposed to do. Does having a tattoo prevent you from doing your work? Why are some employersRead MoreThe Reasoning for Tattoos in the US Army Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesTattoos have likely been at the top of the list as the most discussed topic amongst the different social classes. There is a divide between societies understanding of tattoos, those who oppose them identify tattoos as being a form of â€Å"taboo† and is associated with a type of body modification that is seen as distasteful in nature. Others believe tattoos are a form of one’s own self-expression. Although tattoos are subjective to each person, we should not completely rule them out altogether becauseRead MoreTattoos And Piercings : Work Environments1 417 Words   |  6 Pages Tattoos and Piercings in Work Environments â€Å"According to a 2010 Pew Research report, about 23% of adults born between 1981 and 1991 have piercings other than their earlobe† (Pfeifer, Web). Also, in 2012, 2 in 10 adults in the United States reported to have at least one tattoo. That number has increased to 3 in 10 adults just last year in 2015 (Shannon-Missal, Web). The prevalence of tattoos and piercings have increased dramatically over the past few decades, especially in teens and young adultsRead MoreEssay about Tattoo Acceptance in the Workplace840 Words   |  4 PagesTattoo Acceptance in the Workplace Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade my audience that Tattoos should be widely accepted in the workplace. Thesis Statement: The number of people with tattoos is continually growing, but employers are still reluctant to hire those with visible tattoos. Introduction: Is there anyone here that does not like tattoos or likes them, but would never think of getting one? Today, tattoos are a growing in popularity when before tattoos were only seen on people

Friday, December 13, 2019

Built without prior design Free Essays

It is our passion that enables us to transcend over boundaries and create new approaches and enhance our insights towards growth. It is what captivates and inspires us to do better in the things we do and showcase our individual talent and worth. Given the unique opportunity to create models without the proper framework is truly a good idea to ponder on and look back. We will write a custom essay sample on Built without prior design or any similar topic only for you Order Now This experience came into me as I was working on one project. It is really a challenge for architects to distinguish the unique and appropriate design of one structure or model without the proper blueprints that can distinguish its difference and at the same time showcase its creativity to the public. Despite these setbacks, I am proud that I was able to create one with a clear mind and a purpose that needs to be accomplished. I feel that is has been my exposure in the realities of construction and architecture that I was able to accomplish such feat. My five years of experience in Saudi Arabia enlightened and increased my competency in handling the complex processes involved in both designing and implementing on what needs to be done. It catered to the improvement of skills and helped me become adept in my chosen field. Similarly, the positions I held were also vital in making me aware of the different challenges present in the practice. I consider myself to be privileged because the company I am working with exposed me into different positions that greatly widened my horizons when it comes to architecture. These responsibilities include: projects management, project manager, quality control, sales, and design and development. With these, I was able to build and create my own unique foundation when it comes to design and practice. This realizations and exposure helped me develop my own style and benchmark in design. I became passionate in the things that I do as I sought not only to satisfy my patrons, but at the same time exercise my own signature and architectural finishing. This has given me the confidence that I can go over boundaries and address what needs to be made. It catered to a fulfillment unique only for my part as it help me grow as a professional. Looking back, a business man gave me the opportunity to design and build his private ball hall. Being taught as a rule that blueprints do matter in the course of the building process, I was a bit shocked to hear that there were no plans whatsoever concerning this project. However, this did not hinder me from doing my job and addressing what needs to be done and making my patron satisfied. Operating on this logic, I initiated this difficult procedure by looking back into my former designs and try to integrate them into designing this structure out from scratch and without a blueprint. With this in mind, I began to plan on what are the appropriate steps and strategies that can be implemented in the process and what style shall I incorporate in this specific output. With this, I began a step-by-step process of trying to integrate vital and important schemes to create my structure. As an architect, I must understand that each of these elements is vital for the building process to be consecutive and precise. Seeing this, it leaves no room for error in my part as I try to unravel the elements piece by piece. Moreover, I had to be also precise when it comes to the detail I am trying to showcase. Since the project consists of a ball hall, I had to brainstorm on proper pieces that can be included within and outside the area. I needed to ask the questions are these suitable and what color schemes can I use that will blend the structure to both the environment and justify it to the preference of my patron. Likewise, measurement is also an important component that I consider in building this structure. Without the proper data concerning this facet, the project is doomed to fail. Due to this, I had to be particular with the scale and construction process because it has to adhere to the both the spatial and visual order of architecture. It was a good thing that I was able to create a good output of what I did. Applying this I went to the site everyday and tried to accomplish what were included in my checklist of things to do. It revolved around the areas of design, building, and implementation. All the time, I see to it that every aspect of what I instructed was done accurately and appropriately by the person in charge. In addition, I sometimes took part in labor to ensure that all things are in place and go according to my plan. In the end, the project was successful as it showcased both relevance and expertise in work and the struggle to make things look as if it were designed using a blueprint. All the hard work and commitment paid its price as the new structure turned out to be good and at the same time satisfied the owner. Though building without prior design is really difficult in nature, with the proper perspective and discipline, one can achieve and adminis How to cite Built without prior design, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Peer Pressure in The Osage Ora Essay Example For Students

Peer Pressure in The Osage Ora Essay Peer Pressure in The Osage Orange Tree The Osage Orange Tree by William Stafford tells a story of how peer pressure kept 2 people apart who wanted to like each other. The narrator of the story liked one of his classmates but was afraid to show that he liked her. He didnt have the maturity at the beginning of the story to go against peer pressure. Peer pressure was involved with Evangeline being shunned because she was poor. Her faded blue dress set her apart from the rest of the students. SHe only had two dresses. The narrator stated, she had changed from the dark heavy dress to the dull blue of the last fall (370). The narrartor described her house as gray and lopsided (374). Her house had no running water. There was a grayish white place on the ground where the dishwater had been thrown out (374). Probably none of the students were wealthy in the story, but Evangeline was poorer than most of the Students. Peer pressue dictated that Evangeline should be avoided. She was avoided by the others because she was different. She was standing near the corner looking everywhere but at the crowd (369). The narrator himself said, I might talk to her, I thought. But of course it was out of the question (371). The author didnt talk to her at school but he would at the tree. The next day at school I didnt ask whether her father wanted to take the paper(370). He was afraid to be seen with her. The narrator asked himself, could anyone in the house have been watching. I looked back once(370). Peer pressure prevented the narrator from socializing with Evangeline at school. Sometimes peer pressue involves people making fun of each other. Although the narrator never made fun of Evaneline, other people did. She was made fun of with such comments as, Why look at Evangeline- that old dress has a new belt. Stop a minute Evangelin, let me see you new dress. It is cute dear (372). The narrator never came to the defense of Evangeline when those remarks were being made. Due to peer pressure and lack of maturity, the narrator in The Osage Orange Tree missed an opportunity of permanently befriending Evangeline. Evangeline was poor, avoided, and made fun of. It is not until the conclusion of the story that the writer discovers how much Evangeline lked him. She stole from her bank to purchase newspapers from the narrator (373) in order to have an excuse to visit with him every day. He discoverd too late that the newspapers were thrown under the bridge and never actually read by her father. .

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Alfred Hitchcocks Film Psycho Essays - English-language Films

Alfred Hitchcock's Film Psycho In the opening situation of Alfred Hitchcock's film Psycho, we're at a hotel room where a man named Sam and a woman named Marian are seeing themselves privately. Marian seems like a very respectful woman, however, early in the film we see her steal $40,000 from her boss in the first opportunity she has. She takes the money and goes to California, to her boyfriend. On her way she stays at a motel where she meets Norman Bates who is a psycho killer, though we don't know this until the end of the film. Norman has a mental problem where he tries to keep his mother alive by becoming his mother. At the end of the film we learn that in reality Norman killed his mother and tried to make her relive by bringing her corpse into the house and by demonstrating her jealous personality. Because of this he murders Marian, believing this is what his mother would do. He also murders the private detective that comes searching for her a week later. The climax of the film occurs when we find out that Nor man in reality is a psycho killer. His problem gets resolved when he sees a psychiatrist and gets locked up. English Essays

Sunday, November 24, 2019

You Can Buy Our Book On The Kindle Now

You Can Buy Our Book On The Kindle Now You Can Buy Our Book On The Kindle Now You Can Buy Our Book On The Kindle Now By Daniel Scocco The Kindle fans out there can now buy our book on that platform. Just visit the official Amazon page, and youll be able to purchase and download it immediately. If you end up buying we would appreciate if you could write a review on Amazon, as these help to give credibility to the book. You can also buy it as a PDF download if you prefer, by clicking here. How To Get Your Book on The Kindle I was surprised regarding how easy it is to get a book for sale on the Kindle store. The process took literally five minutes, and after 24 hours of review period the book was already live and available for sale. One small problem I faced was to get the formating right though. Simply uploading a PDF document wont work. Luckily one of our readers, Ray Fowler, emailed us offering his services. He converted our PDF into the .mobi format used by the Kindle, and when I uploaded it to Amazon it worked like a charm. Ray told me he is willing to give a 10% discount to all DWT readers looking for eBook conversions, audio book productions and so on. Just check his services page for more details or to get in touch with him. It will be interesting to see how the Kindle sales compare with the standard PDF sales, so Ill probably write a post updating you guys soon. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)English Grammar 101: Verb Mood20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Historical & Contextual Studies in Fashion Essay - 2

Historical & Contextual Studies in Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Historical & Contextual Studies in Fashion" discusses if the city of Paris still the center of the fashion. Currently, Paris is still one of the leading fashion centres alongside London, Milan and New York. Fashion around the world is still evolving, but the shopping centres of Paris are still the same, with a lot of shoppers from around the world and the famous High End Couture still receiving a lot of attention. Summer shopping is specifically becoming a common practice in Paris as people move around browsing boutiques along the arcades of historic Palais-Royal and the spectacular Canal of St. Martin. Fashion shopping is like a hobby for many people visiting the town, and fashion is like a tourist attraction in the entire Paris. This essay argues that Paris was once a centre for fashion and this is still the case until today considering the continuous fashion shopping practice that has dominated and evolved for centuries. Arguments for the proposition that Paris is still the centre of fashion in the world are far and wide. These arguments are basically about the history of Paris and its fashion institutions, and the factors that have influenced it throughout history. Paris is known throughout history as culturally fashioned city. Fashion has been considered as the cornerstone of national identity in Paris and France since the 19th century. By the second half of the century, fashion had become a booming business in France, with its base in Paris. Fashion developed alongside wider changes of the society.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Audience Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Audience Analysis Paper - Essay Example For the purpose of this analysis these persons are expecting the correspondence of quarterly sales information. In order to relay information accordingly considerations must be made for appropriate channeling, consideration of audience characteristics, and specifics toward audience diversity. Aside from these matters assurance must also be made to ensure that the message is perceived effectively by the corresponding audience. Discussion When dealing with large groups and presentation methods it must first be established what the speaker can control. In this case it would be the type of presentation that is warranted for a large group and how to maintain the information that will be delivered. By establishing what type of presentation is best suited, the speaker needs to determine the characteristics of the audience. This can be accomplished by utilizing audience recognition. In the case of groups it is best to focus on generalization or what the members of the group have in common ba sed on demographics and psychographic profiling (Adapting your message to your, p. 44). In this case of having to deliver one specific message to a large group of stakeholders it can be assumed that these individuals will be interested in profit margins and best selling merchandises that can be revealed in the reports. By figuring the place of the individual stakeholders (i.e. who is the customer, who is the manager, who is the salesperson) the amount of understanding the individuals will have about the information can be determined. In the case of having to disclose quarterly sales information the presentation should be done at a level that the customer can understand. The customer will more than likely be the least likely persons out of the group that does not have the common education level of the others on the subject. That means that the group presentation should be presented to an education level that is equivalent to the customers. Based on the lack of information that the cu stomer may have an appropriate channel would be to have a written record of information that will be discussed in the meeting. The written information (outlining document that follows the speaker in presentation with points from the report) should also be accompanied by definitions of terminology and emphasis on important points (Adapting your message to your, p. 49 - 56). This channel of trade is needed to give the lesser informed members of the audience insight on what the presentation is attempting to correspond. In this case the customer portion of your audience may be lacking appropriate knowledge of quarterly sales reports. For all intensive purposes the presentation can be classified as a lecture and it is likely that visual aids may be needed. Based on lecture characteristics it is assumed that audience attentions dwindle after about 30 minutes into the presentation and they retain about 3 pieces of information from an hour long sitting (Robertson, pg 237.) Audience lack of retention as previously stated implies that transferring verbal information without the use of visual aid does nothing for group retention. To offset the negative effects of long presentations the active learning process is promising for positive retention of the audience. The human interactive system is embodied in a PowerPoint that employs a interactive system (Robertson, p. 237 - 238). Aside from the characteristics of the audience it is likely that the diversity of the group can be

Monday, November 18, 2019

Asthma and nitric oxide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Asthma and nitric oxide - Essay Example The European Respiratory Society has indicated its conviction in the method that it has already published guidelines to standardize analysis, diagnosis and reference levels in using nitric oxide as part of respiratory treatment (Buchwald, 2005). In the United States alone, 6% those aged below 12 have been diagnosed with asthma and as high as 40% in urban areas. This reflects a 75% from data gather in the 1980's a trend that is reflected globally (World Health Organization [WHO], 2005). Nitric oxide is a highly reactive, prevalent gas in human chemical activity. It can be found in neurons as n NOS or NOS1, in macrophages as iNOS or NOS-2, and in endothelial cells as eNOS or NOS-3 (Bor-Kucukatay, 2005). Nitric oxide is cellularly synthesized by the enzyme nitric oxide sythases denoted by NOS from arginine, molecular oxygen and NADPH. Nitric oxide interacts rapidly molecularly and disperses through cell membranes acting in a paracinic or autocrinic behavior1. Endogenous nitric oxide is a product of L-argining amino acid and NOS. All three isofrms, NOS or NOS1, iNOS or NOS-2, eNOS or NOS-3 are found in the respiratory tract functioning a part in vascular and airway smooth muscle tone, inflammatory respiratory response, ciliary action and in eliminating bacteria, viruses and mycobacteria in the respiratory tracts (Smith et al, 2004). Through connecting throu... Mechanism and Metabolism Through connecting through a metal ion in the cell's protein or through cystine or other S atoms, nitric oxide causes allosteric change in the cell's protein. An example of this reaction is nitric oxide directed at the protein guanylyl cyclase which then creates the second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP). The body produces oar manufactures nitric oxide to fight bacteria. TH 1cells as part of inflammatory response mechanisms secrete nitric oxide to attach bacterial macrophages or by the production of nitric oxide by through the conversion of nitrates found in food into nitrites (Maddox & Schwartz, 2002). Reaction with super oxide anions the result to the formation peroxynitrite2 (ONOO-) which can lead to break up of DNA and oxidation action in lipids. This can lead to nitric oxide toxicity. Peroxynitrite causes mitochondrial respiratory chain (I-IV) and manganese super oxide dismutase (MnSOD) to generate suroxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, both of which can cause fatal cell damage ("Nitric Oxide Metabolism", 2006). Figure 1 illustrates nitric oxide actions in the body. Functions Nitric oxide serves various functions in the human body. It can act as a catalyst for reactions to microbial attacks, as a messenger or inhibitor among others. It functions significantly in the circulatory and nervous system influencing blood flow, oxygenation of red blood cell and neural messaging (Maddox & Schwartz, 2002). The following are the functions of nitric oxide physiologically ("Nitric Oxide", 2006): Blood Flow Diffusion of nitric oxide into smooth muscle cells allowing for the efficient flow of blood as endothelial cells release nitric oxide at every systole

Friday, November 15, 2019

History of the English Empire

History of the English Empire England Empire Colonies In 1883, the British historian J.R. Seeley surveyed his nations empire with bemusement: â€Å"We seem to have conquered and peopled half the world in a fit of absence of mind.† When you consider the various American empires before c.1815, would you argue that they were acquired and maintained absentmindedly? In his collection of lectures entitled The Expansion of England, J.R. Seeley exasperatingly stated that the creation and growth of the British empire had been met with â€Å"a fit of absence of mind.† Seeley detailed the worrying trend amongst his contemporaries that the American colonies had not yielded sufficient profit for Britain, while the loss of the British American colonies had been as inevitable as the ripening of fruit. This sentiment was inextricably linked to the fact that Britain had endowed its American colonies with liberty and representative government, while not obsessively exerting metropolitan authority; conducive factors to the American revolution. As Britain had lacked the explicit notion of conquest in determining her imperial project in North America, and was rather, and primarily, a commercial empire, the question as to whether the various imperial projects had been conducted in â€Å"absence of mind† is raised. The fact that the British, French, and Dutch American empires were commercial ventures conducted by private individuals and companies to settle and procure profit from America, highlights the somewhat ad hoc maintenance of empire. However, to suggest that the foundation and settlement of the various American empires was done in an exclusively non-purposeful manner across the five centuries in which the continent was discovered, settled, and economically exploited is problematic. The sheer duration of the American empires puts to question how the various empires would have spanned centuries if they had been acquired and maintained absentmindedly. Further, in assessing the conquest of South America by the Spanish, an empire intrinsically founded on the spirit of the conquistador and mineral exploitation, the suggestion of absent-minded imperialism is further put to question. In addition to the problem of synthesising the various imperial missions under the questionable label of inattentiveness, there also lies the inherent issue that Seeley did not consciously intend to accuse the various American empires of governing with an â€Å"absence of mind†. Thus, the issues raised by the duration and ideological differentiation of the American empires cloud any simple creation of a definitive conclusion as to how, and by whom, the empires were acquired and maintained. From the foundation of the first British colony at Jamestown in 1606 to the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the British American empire to which Seeley referred to had spanned one-hundred and seventy years. This colonial longevity implicitly puts to question the sign of an absent-minded empire. Although there was no singular, cohesive force which settled, economically-exploited, and governed the American empires, there was purpose to be found in all the imperial projects. The fact that there was not one, but several, interwoven missions with different intentions and outcomes obscures the purposeful nature of the imperial projects.However, the very inception of the American empires clearly displayed purpose.In the royal charters granted by Elizabeth I and Henry VII, explorers such as Sir Walter Raleigh were given prerogatives to locate and conquer suitable areas of the New World for English possession. The creation of colonies had a two-fold purpose; to emulate the economic success of Spainand create ting new areas of commerce and agricultural produce for England. Indeed, not only were royal charters granted by European monarchs to explorers seeking to claim and settle the Americas, but they were also granted to trading companies. This delegation of power showed pragmatic solutions to the acquisition of the virgin American markets. As the British, French, and Dutch states did not have enough capital to run the risk of acquiring new land, it was the purpose of companies such as the Plymouth and London groups to settle New England and the Chesapeake and to create agricultural produce and symbiotic trading agreements with the natives present there. Therefore, the control exuded by the private companies in the American empires should not suggest absent-mindedness on behalf of the mother countries, but rather, a practical measure to maximise profit and minimise investment in an untested and perhaps ruinous scheme. In describing the â€Å"absence of mind† of the British state, Seeley highlighted the issue of reluctant British imperialism and that this reluctance led to imperial disorganisation, which ultimately epitomised the absence of mind which he aimed to identify. However, this was not a direct attack on the commercial nature of the American colonies, but rather Seeley aimed to highlight a lack of a cohesive imperial identity which primarily referred to Britains Indian empire. Seeley states quite openly that â€Å"our acquisition of India was made blindly† while â€Å"when our first settlers went out to Virginia and New England We did intend to establish a new community†. Thus, by first allowing private investors to settle and acquire an economic base in America, followed by a direct application of metropolitan control when the colonies began to prosper, the British state had indeed acquired and maintained her commercial empire with purpose. The beneficial economic motives which led to the granting of a royal charter for Jamestown in 1606 resulted in the eventual if tortuous prosperity of the colony; identifying the commercial purpose of the British American empire. Even though it took several decades for Jamestown to prosper and be fully recognised by metropolitan authority in England may suggest a tenuous link for imperial purpose and direct control. But, by the seventeenth century, the British state had created the Navigation Act of 1660 which sought to consolidate previous economic regulations and ultimately, make trade more prosperous for England. By stating that no goods could be imported or exported into territories owned by Charles II, unless carried in English vessels, ensured the commercial hegemony of England in her American colonies. This coherent economic regulation, legislated just fifty-four years after the foundation of Jamestown, testifies to a purposeful maintenance of Britains commercial empire. Furthermore, the power of the British metropole, epitomised in the increased regulatory interference in the post-Seven Years War climate shows further purposeful maintenance of the American colonies. After Britain had curtailed French and Spanish power in North America, the British state aimed to apply the dictates of a centrally-based parliament, obsessed with the concept of sovereignty. This ideological shift primarily resulted from the altered power structure created in the aftermath of the Seven Years War. Due to a British sentiment that the colonies had defiantly dragged their feet during the course of the war combined with the fact that Britain defeated its imperial rivals in course becoming a hegemonic force in North America created a perceptible power shift. In creating a monopoly of power, the economic and political status of colonists and Indians worsened, culminating in Pontiacs rebellion and the subsequent grievances and retaliations of white settlers, such as the Paxton Boys, placing Britain in an unprecedented situation. In response to the increasing frontier disputes, growing prejudices between settlers and Native Americans, and the changed power-structure present after the Seven Years War, the metropolitan became increasingly authoritative in colonial legislation. Parliamentary revenue acts were enacted to pay for a ten-thousand strong land army to maintain authority in the colonies; the Royal Proclamation of 1763 aimed to reinforce the Crowns control of new colonies in North America, while the Stamp Act of 1765 attempted to apply direct taxation to the American colonies. This shift in metropolitan attitude, following the Seven Years War, was to become significant in the colonial grievances leading up to the Declaration of Independence while showing direct evidence of the purposeful governance of the Britains American empire. Nevertheless, the assertion that the American empires were acquired and maintained absentmindedly is not baseless, and can be persuasively attributed to the commercial empires of North America. The limited design and short-sighted nature of the various imperial projects is especially evident in the creation of some of the first American colonies in the early seventeenth century. The initial setbacks of the English colonies at Roanoke which completely vanished and Jamestown, which witnessed continual deprivationand ruinous warfare against the Powhattan empire to the similar failure of Cartiers French colonies shows the limited design and purpose behind the formative American colonies. The fact that such ventures failed for simple, and surmountable, reasons such as lack of supply and poor location and suffered initial, and unnecessary, setbacks in declaring war against Native Americans, showed that the American empires, from the very beginning, had limited success and little central control. In essence, Jamestown was not the centre of metropolitan attention, most of its initial settlers quickly died, and by 1622 the Virginia Company was close to bankruptcy. Indeed, the sixteenth and seventeenth century French and English explorers and settlers initially sought the lucrative promise of Gold and Silver akin to the Spanish discovery and exploitation in South America. Explorers such as Raleigh and Cartier became obsessed with the acquisition of precious metalsin a vain attempt to match the prosperity of the Spanish empire. Therefore the English and French colonies, following the absence of a codified plan, essentially stumbled, half-reluctantly, upon their system of agricultural produce and commerce,in lieu of Gold. Moreover, the criticism applied to the absent-minded metropole in the foundation of the American colonies can be further applied to the ad hoc maintenance of the American empire. Since private companies and individuals had been in control of colonial affairs in varying senses and had been granted differing vested powers, the maintenance of metropolitan authority was not cohesive. Effective metropolitan control was not in place until the radically altered political structure following the Seven Years War in America. Indeed, rather than the Seven Years War being perceived as a prime example of purposeful metropolitan maintenance of an economic and political empire, it was the increase in metropolitan authority after 1763 which highlighted previous absent-mindedness regarding America. Until the latter half of the eighteenth century, metropolitan authority had been a secondary premise behind the commercial nature of the American empire, which was founded not on exploitation, but the granting of political freedoms, liberty, and local representation. Given the general perception that the British, French and Dutch empires began ignominiously in the seventeenth century, while the respective States ruled their mercantilist empires with a laissez-faire attitude, it would seem apt to label their imperial experiences as absent-minded. However, despite the initial setbacks in America, each of the American empires did aim to settle and govern their colonies in the best interest of commerce. Trade was the pre-eminent motive for the investors of the Virginia company, while specific instructions were given to prospective colonists of Jamestown to maximise productivity. Further, the nature of French imperialism in North America shown in the system of trading posts on the St. Lawrence and Mississippi River, epitomises the commercial presence of the European powers in America. In presiding over a large portion of sparsely populated land the French sought to create a monopoly of trade with the Native Americans without impinging on territory or imposing a large army; their empire was built on a trade relationship in which both the French traders and state, as well as the natives, benefited. Further, in the small colonies of the New Netherlands and New Sweden, army deployment and state control was similarly weak, creating the perfect environment for lucrative trade. Indeed, a recurring theme in Shortos depiction of the New Netherlands was the realisation made by explorers and governors that the Dutch colony was situated in an optimum location for the control of trade along the seaboard and into the American interior. This proved that it was the identification and exploitation, through colonisation, of prosperous economic regions which was important to European imperial regimes; suggesting a purposeful maintenance of the commercial North American empires. The argument for absent-minded imperialism further falls apart when applied to the Spanish style of empire employed in South America. The Spanish state, while recognising the commercial benefits of the South American colonies, acquired and maintained her empire purposefully. Inspired by the legitimisation to New World conquest granted by the Alexandrine Bulls and through the use of the requerimiento, the Spanish pursued an empire of conquest intent on the subjugation of the native peoples, exploitation of bullion, and the evangelisation of the native population. By conquering the Aztec and Mayan empires in the sixteenth century and exploiting abundant gold and silver deposits, the South American Spanish Viceroyalties were intrinsically founded on the Spirit of Conquestwith an aim to increase Spanish power via the importation of bullion. The Spanish thus used the plunder and mineral deposits of South America as a means to increase their power in Europe and to consolidate their position in the Americas. Furthermore, the central nature of this debate, that of Seeleys bemusement at the imperial absence of mind in America, has had its original intention taken out of context. Seeley saw the American empire as an integral part of Greater Britain which had been unfairly neglected by British historians. By declaring that the â€Å"absence of mind†, Seeley was referring to the fact that Britains imperial project in America had failed to alter British perceptions of Great Britain, that it had failed to â€Å"change our ways of thinking† and that â€Å"we do not reckon our colonies as really belonging to us†. Thus the â€Å"absence of mind† was not directed at the acquisition and maintenance of empire, but rather at the â€Å"indifference which we show towards the mighty phenomenon of the diffusion of our race and the expansion of our state.† To conclude, the declaration that the American empires were acquired and maintained with a complete absence of mind is incorrect. Each European imperial project had differing intentions, were settled by different individuals and spanned across centuries, and so a sense of continued purpose was inevitably lost. But there was, of course, purpose behind the imperial projects, or they would not have been settled or economically exploited in the first place. Both France and England settled in America for commercial interests while the Spanish purposefully exploited the economic wealth of South America. Further, the importance of questioning J.R. Seeleys quote cannot be understated. He was not necessarily accusing Britain of an absence of mind in regards to America, but rather in a historical sense; that the greatness of the imperial schemes had be ignored, and a re-assessment of the importance and centrality it held to British history must be made. Bibliography Appelbaum, Robert (ed.)Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World (2005). Armitage, David,The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000). Elliott, John, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 (New Haven, 2006). The Old World and the New, 1492-1650 (Cambridge, 1970). Games, Alison, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge,  1999). Pagden, Anthony,Lords of all the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c.1500 – 1800 (New Haven, 1995). Richter, Daniel,Facing East from Indian Country (Cambridge, Mass., 2001). Samson, Jane (ed.)The British Empire (Oxford, 2001). Seed, Patricia, Ceremonies of Possession in Europes conquest of the New World, 1492 – 1640 (Cambridge, 1995). Seeley, J.R.,The Expansion of England (London, 1883). A Declaration and Remonstrance of the Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants of the Province of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1764)

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Three Approaches to Coping with School Violence Essay -- Exploratory E

We humans have always sought to increaseour personal energy in the only manner wehave known: by seeking to psychologically steal it from others—an unconscious competition that underlies all human conflict in the world. (James Redfield, 1993, The Celestine Prophecy, New York: Warner Books,65–66) Some school critics and statisticians have observed that drug-dealing, vandalism, robbery, and murder have replaced gum-chewing, â€Å"talking out of turn,† tardiness, and rudeness as the most chronic problems afflicting today’s schools. If the intent of this observation is to shock and rattle the public’s sensibilities, it’s working. Of course, some of us may interpret such suggestions as merely dark, stoic, and cynical—â€Å"scare† tactics quite in keeping with the current national mood about many social issues these days. Yet, as a profession (and a society) maybe a little shock treatment now and then is good for us, especially if we ourselves work in relatively â€Å"safe† schools and communities. Maybe it’s time to remind ourselves that one school’s problem can become every school’s problem if the profession at large is not watchful and careful. No school is immune to the potential of extreme violence, as many of us, without meaning to, have learned. If you’re a long-time, veteran English teacher, you may never have thought you’d see the day when an issue of English Journal would be devoted to school violence. The idea never occurred to me, either. But here we are, and here that issue is. And, what’s more, it’s high time. While none of us needs convincing that the violence problem is serious in a great many places, some of the statistics are sobering. The National Education Association (March 1994) reports that the number of children... ... suffice. Works Cited Anderson, Elijah. 1994. â€Å"The Code of the Streets.† TheAtlantic Monthly (May): 81–94. Elam, Stanley M. 1993. â€Å"The 25th Annual Phi Delta Kappan/Gallup Poll.† Phi Delta Kappan (Oct.): 137–152. â€Å"Guns Among Young People in the U.S.† 1993. Youth Record. Washington, D.C.: Youth Policy Institute. (Aug. 3): 10. Jones, Clarisse. 1994. â€Å"Report Shows Violence Rising in Schools.† The New York Times (Aug. 13): 27. Merina, Anita. 1994. â€Å"Fighting School Violence Means Taking on Guns.† NEA Today (Mar. 12): 4. Survey of the American Teacher 1993: Violence in America’s Public Schools. New York: MetLife. Zimmer, Judith. 1993. We Can Work It Out. Culver City, CA: Social Studies School Service. Denny Wolfe is professor of English Education andDirector of the Tidewater Virginia Writing Project atOld Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Body gender Essay

Reversal of Roles (Women Seducing Men). In the 20th century, people become modernized and most of the traditional roles are no longer followed. The modern concepts allow the people, especially the women, greater freedom and opportunity to practice their potentialities and pursue their chosen endeavours. An innovation that comes along with the modern world is the reversal of roles between male and female, and one of these roles is men being seduced by women. As women become open-minded and liberated, their sexual views become wider. Women seduce men for various reasons: for personal gain, persuade the man into something or, the most common, sexual interaction. Many relationships are either developed or destroyed by this. However, not all people accept this practice. Despite the modernization, a lot of people are still old-fashioned. These people, including the church and countless moral advocates, still consider the women as a creation of God that should live and act with morality. They opposed women’s seduction of men and see it as against the normal norm of the society. Women are aware of this restriction that is why they do the temptation discreetly. Men and Women Modernity. This picture shows the modernization of men and women in the 20th century. They have more freedom in terms of fashion and a lot of other things. They wear clothes that make them comfortable, not minding whether the garments conform to the norm of the society or not. Many of the modern men and women actions deviate from or are not consistent to the cultural norm. In marital relationship, for example, it is getting normal and easy for a quite a number of married couples to divorce and marry another person. This is, of course, opposed to the doctrine of the church that sanctifies the sacredness of marriage. The women and women are expected to be guided with morality. However, as the world modernizes, so does the sexual perspective. Premarital sexual intercourse is common, even to younger generation. It is getting ordinary every day. Men are seeing women as sex objects. The women, in return, submit to the men’s desire. Worse, this often results into unwanted pregnancies or early marriage. Immorality in the modern world abounds. In this case, the country’s leaders, the church and the parents have vital roles in curving the immorality brought by modern world. One way to do it is revive the moral values and instil them in the mind not only of the youth but of all the people as well. Men and Women of World War II. As the United States of America entered World War II in 1941, its economy drastically changed. The nation demanded more from its citizen. All capable male enlisted into the military and went to the warfront. However, it was not enough. The gender roles were dramatically altered temporarily as women volunteered to join various female branches of the military. Some women back home worked in the factories. Traditionally, women were regarded as subordinates of men. They were seen as weak gender and war, which was ruled by men, was not a place for them. However, during World War II, the women’s services were badly needed by their country and they responded to it. Although it was not consistent with the cultural norms, gender roles were temporarily set aside for a noble cause. The feminine kingdom has once again shown to the world that they could equal, if not outdo, men in many ways. Feminists see this as a morale-boosting feat. Men and Women in Politics. The picture shows the major involvement of women in politics. Unlike in the past, women of today are active politically. Many public officials in the country are women. In fact, in some places, several of the highest positions in the land are held by females. Now, male politicians are not taking the female officials lightly but consider them as strong political figures. Their opinions are as strong as that of the men’s. It is a far cry from the past wherein all political authorities were held by men; women were only expected to stay home, take care of the children and do all the house chores. Male is still the stronger figure in politics world as proven in many countries where men hold the highest positions. But the females are not far behind. This development among women produces positive feedbacks. Abuses from men gradually lessen because women are getting bolder to bring in the open their ordeal. They are aware that they have a voice in the government. Yves Saint Laurent in de Young Museum. De young Museum, located in San Francisco’s Golden Park, is exhibiting the 40 years garments, sketches and designs by Yves Saint Laurent. As I entered, I noticed that the exhibit room was dimly lit that the descriptive labels at the bottom of the mannequins were barely readable. An array of YSL clothes and garments are displayed, like the all black outfits, a dress with a transparent top, the evening gown with a bare midriff and the black tuxedoes for men and women. There were also the ethnic-inspired outfits, a red late-hippie gypsy band as well as the collection of African dresses. In another line were YSL’s various rendition of bridal gowns: the hand-knitted off-white cocoon ; the typical Saint Laurent short and multicoloured gown called â€Å"Love Me Forever† gown; the Shakespeare-inspired bridal wear in lush gold and orange lustrous fabric and brocade and the 1997 bikini-like bridal gown covered with thick pink and green flowers, leaves and pink strip of fabric. Now, these are just some of the 130 Yves Saint Laurent works in de Young Museum that await visitors. The Legion of Honor Palace. The whole architecture of The Legion of Honor Palace in San Francisco is already a huge attraction by itself. The building, built to commemorate the Californian soldiers who died in World War I, is located on top of the ocean cliffs which enables for an amazing view of the Golden Gate Bridge. Inside, the museum displays an impressive collection of 4,000 years of ancient and European art, the largest portion is comprised of French art. It showcases the works of such great artists like Rembrandt ( Joris de Caulirii), David(La Baronne Meunier), El Greco(St. John the Baptist),Renoir (Portrait of Richard Wagner), Monet(The Grand Canal, Venice), Picasso ( Head of a Woman) and many others. Perhaps the museum’s most distinguished acquisition is the collection of statues by Auguste Rodin which are on display. The most famous sculpture of Rodin, The Thinker, dominates the museum’s outdoor Court of Honor. This is the figure that greets the visitors first before entering the building. References: †¢ Lambert, Tim A. 17th Century Women. A World Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://www. localhistories. org/index. html †¢ Women and the Home Front During World War II. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://www. mnhs. org/library/tips/history_topics/131women_homefront. htm.

Friday, November 8, 2019

The Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance

The Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance With scholars contributing volumes of literature on the topic of corporate social performance, the relationship posted between corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) has been known to differ greatly.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The differences have resulted to confusion in the process of identifying the contributions of CSP in determining the CFP. The differences between the two attributes have given varying results; with some studies suggesting that CSP has high correlation with CFP, while other studies reporting lower or even negative correlations between the two. A closer analysis of the correlation trends posits that research results carried in social issues in management journals, journals of business ethics among other social science journals reports higher correlations compared to studies carried in accounting, finance or economics journals. In this regard, the hypothesis of this article seeks to show that the differences in these studies have been shaped by institutional logics that affect the cognitions of researchers rather than methodological and factual reasons. In advancing his hypothesis, Orlitzky, (2011), states that research results are socially constructed and thus the social constructions are responsible for the varying scores as far as the correlations of CSP and CFP is concerned. Researchers in varying disciplines have specified institutional logics that affect the quality of the results that they post after the research findings. To unravel the contributions of the institutional logics in determination of the research findings, the article uses a meta-analysis approach whereby various inputs from varying research findings are pooled together and analyzed analytically. In the meta-analysis process, the concept of data input in the ar ticle has been given preeminence to ensure that the variance in the correlation posted does not originate from data quality. At the end of the study, Orlitzky, (2011) proves that researchers enter into a research field with a mindset shaped by the institutional logics. Therefore, the social constructs are responsible for the varying result as far as the correlations of the CSP and CFP is concerned. Researchers in financial, economic and accounting fields have approached the topic with a mind set that the social responsibility has no significant effects to the financial performance of an institution.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, researchers in the business ethics and related fields approach the same topic with a mindset that explains the importance of the corporate social responsibility in the overall performance of the organization. The institutional m indsets, therefore, are responsible for the varying correlations of the concept of CSP and CFP when examined by different schools of thought. In conclusion, the acceptance of Orlitzky’s hypothesis can have tremendous effects to researchers in the field of CSP and its correlations to CFP. This is because Orlitzky, (2011), manages to prove that social constructs are responsible for the differences of the correlation figures posted by different researchers. The result can also have a significant effect to researchers as their objectivity and elimination of research bias is concerned. What Orlitzky, (2011) proves to researchers is that the concept of bias is yet to be overcome by the numerous researchers and thus the result of some of the research conducted may be in doubt. The study has also managed to show the extent to which individual inputs have on the results of a study. The results also has some implications for future research as it offers insights that may be helpful to researchers in order to minimize the effects of institutional logic in the process conducting research Reference Orlitzky, M. (2011). Institutional Logics in the Study of Organizations: The Social Construction of the Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance. Business Ethics Quarterly 21 (3). Pp 409-444

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The Sin Of Nadab & Abihu Essays - Book Of Leviticus, Kohanim

The Sin Of Nadab & Abihu Essays - Book Of Leviticus, Kohanim The Sin of Nadab & Abihu Verse: (Lev. 10:1) And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron took either of them his censer, and put fire therin, and put incense thereon, and offered strange fire before the Lord, which he commanded them not. (King James) The Sin of Nadab & Abihu: An Exegesis There is no clear consensus as to what sin Nadab and Abihu committed as detailed in verse 10:1 of the book Leviticus, in the Hebrew bible. Some commentators like to take into consideration material previously mentioned, some like the literal view of the story, others try to narrow the possibilities to come to a conclusion, while still more understand it all as simply a figurative tale. But in truth, few if any of the explanations this exegesist looked through seemed satisfactory, but blended together, and analyzed individually, they did form a far more satisfactory intrepretation of my own. The story is that Aaron, the newly consecrated Israelite High Priest had two sons, Nadab and Abihu, who were consumed by God for offering 'strange fire' before him. This occruance took place during the Octave-day celebrations which were taking place for the opening of the just completed Tent Of Meeting, or Tabernacle. Sacrifices, and prayers were to take place each day with special ritualistic rules in the preparation and performance of each. The priests were chiefly responsible for the running of events, and as most scholars agree Nadab and Abihu at the time of their death were priests, and so were presumably performing their priestly duties. Where the break in agreement occurs is with the question that naturally arises: What did Nadab and Abihu do wrong? The answer to this question lies in the context of the verse, the bigger picture involved. This does not, however, mean that it is clear enough so one can realize it with a read through or two. To best comprehend the situation, an understanding of the verse must be realized. The realization in this case is best accompolished through a translation of the verse from the original Hebrew that can put a clear picture of the happenings taking place. Unfortunately such a translation is not available. The King James is to poetic to be vivid, and the RSV changes the true meanings of words too much to be respected. Similar arguments could be put for the other translations out there. Faced with such a dillema, one must undertake the translating upon himself: "Then took Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, each his censer and placed in them fiery coals, and put on them incense and sacrificed before the Lord with strange fire, which he had not commanded them." With this translation it is clear that the action is taking place with a specific sequence, in an event that has to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, it clarifies the problem with the 'strange fire' to explain that the fire was strange because it wasn't what God had commanded to be done. It is admitted, however, that this translation does not answer any questions beyond what any sentence can at any time answer. It is just a tale of events, and as any sentence studied individually would be, is a bit obscure. The whole picture must be taken into consideration. As for some explanation of the terms used: A censer is a pan used to carry coals. It has practical used even today in the middle east. The incense was a mixture of sweet herbs and spices as prescribed in Exodus 30:34. The one phrase that needs to be further developed is the hebrew 'esh zara' or 'strange fire'. The word esh as used here refers to fiery coals, but it has nevertheless compelled many scholars try to interpret it, mostly to fit their own theoretical views. In its present form esh zara, simply means a fire taken from an unauthorized source. This is what had made it strange and unholy for use in the Tent of Meeting. The use of the word zara which means strange, is a bit puzzling. Only a handful of times has the this form of strange been used in the Torah. Three other places other than Lev. 10:1 it's been used to

Monday, November 4, 2019

Statistics Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Statistics - Speech or Presentation Example Standard deviation on the other hand show us how the individual values compares the mean value, the smaller the standard deviation, the closer the samples measurements are to the mean and vice versa (Gravetter and Wallnau 123). With regard then to the standard deviation given, it is evidenced that there is a considerable difference of the samples considered. Different sample numbers and variation of age among the considered students may have occasioned this. Comparing the two calculated statistics with the population statistics clearly shows inaccuracy, the mean deviation of the samples from that of the population is enormous and this shows that sampling was skewed to a section of the population thus the true value could not be reached. This can also be observed with the values of the standard deviation that shows consistent abnormal variation questioning the sampling technique. Referring to the statistics from the samples against that of the population, they do not reflect values t hat are consistent to the central tendency. Central tendency tends to show us where the majority of the data belongs to by use of mode, median or mean (Gravetter and Wallnau 156). Indeed the only way of getting correct statistical results from a data is to consider as much samples as possible against the possible number of population, this will ensure that a larger percentage of the population are considered with possible inclusion of all the extremities, smaller and larger ones narrowing the space for biasness (Gravetter and Wallnau 162). The use of two classes alone or Susan’s class would have considered a group with skewed values distorting the

Friday, November 1, 2019

Should UK policy makers be concerned about unemployment persistence Essay

Should UK policy makers be concerned about unemployment persistence and hysteresis given the increase in the unemployment rate since the start of the recession in 2008 - Essay Example There are numerous approaches to define unemployment; these approaches have been made since unemployment may not be an easy aspect in the globe. There have arisen numerous challenges which have pushed the international agencies to formulate different aspects of unemployment (Mortensen, Pissarides, Tatsiramos & Zimmermann, 2011). This approach is based on the data collected from persons who claim they are not employed. In the UK, such category of individuals is liable to get some help from the government, the help can be termed as the Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA). The specifications such people need to accomplish include; out of work for less than 16 hours a week, be available for work, currently seeking employment, capability to handle work, be of age and a resident in the UK. This can be summarized by the following equation to depict the percentage unemployment rate: ILO measures that group of people who are not working, actively seeking jobs and capable of undertaking any job that may arise. This approach measures the proportion of the population that is unemployed, this encompasses: those who are economically active in the country. The rate, which is arrived at is state based since it encompasses residents of the particular country (Clasen, Goul, Halvorsen & Oorschot, 2002). Census in the UK is carried out after every 10 years; it aims at providing a count of all people and the households apart from the demographic data which is collected. The census also avails a big range of labour related data. This data is very important in measurement of unemployment. According to the census reports, unemployment can be described as the number of persons who do not have jobs and are actively looking for jobs. This is the same principle outlined in the International labour organization (ILO) (Howell, 2005). Unemployment revolves around the economic factors in the country. Every small sector in the economy

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Electronic Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electronic Media - Essay Example The changes in newspaper industry for example is staggering as many newspaper companies nowadays have their own websites too, allowing the new generation of internet user to access the news anytime in their computers. As we have observed during the last few years, the readership of printed papers has declined considerably. More than 1 billion users of the internet all over the world, access the news through the net and the number is expected to rise in the years to come as young people prefer the convenience of Internet-based technologies in order to obtain news, information, and entertainment (Watkinson 67). Societies whose technology is well developed have now entered the digital age and industries are searching for new opportunities to take this chance to develop business. Although there are threats to this utilization of technology in the media to advance business, the melding together of various media - also referred to as 'convergence' causes furor among many technology users as it holds a lot of promise. The amalgamation of different medium, which 1incorporates personalized services could be overwhelming for many but is very exciting as well. The utilization of high-powered and high technology innovation in computers, switch to digital platforms and the construction of high-speed computer networks brought about novel ideas and methods of doing common and ordinary activities. Hindrances to achieving these, like time and space have been eradicated and media users can read, listen, watch anything or interact with someone anytime. The amalgamation of all mediums into one eliminated the problems of putting all technologies in the media together (Thorburn 122). The conglomeration of media corporations in the 1990's for example has brought convergence in ownership and resulted to, in the consumers' point of view, more exciting delivery systems of our favorite medium. Online newspapers now provide streaming video, TV has chat that is extremely interactive and even radio has camera's or telephone systems (Quinn 43). The advent of the very exciting 3G telephony has likewise brought new feeling of excitement and fascination as companies in the field of mass media could include videogames, news, entertainment and online communication. This is now referred to as 2'convergence media.' 3G (or 3-G) is the short terminology to refer to 'third-generation technology' which utilizes the technology of the mobile phone. The 3G technology has the capability to transfer both voice data and non-voice data such as access to information, email messaging system, instant messaging, internet browsing access, entertainment such as streaming audio and video, streaming movies, and real time TV access (Livingston 12). As of now, there are approximately 60 3G networks in 25 countries all over the globe and spans three continents: Asia, Europe, and North America.NTT DoCoMo - the biggest telecommunications company in Japan - in the early 21st century-one of the giant telecommunication companies in Japan-became the first an d leading company to initiate a commercial 3G system. Meanwhile, the introduction of 3G services in Europe started in the year 2003 (Serajul 25) . Currently, debates if the web and television will converge more in the future which will allow only one form of technology instead of the two forms and people in the future will not be able to distinguish the difference between the two. But in order for

Monday, October 28, 2019

Processes of negotiation Essay Example for Free

Processes of negotiation Essay In simplest terms, negotiation is a discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution to their problem. Negotiations typically take place because the parties wish to create something new that neither could do on his or her own, or to resolve a problem or dispute between them. The parties acknowledge that there is some conflict of interest between them and think they can use some form of influence to get a better deal, rather than simply taking what the other side will voluntarily give them. When parties negotiate, they usually expect give and take. While they have interlocking goals that they cannot accomplish independently, they usually do not want or need exactly the same thing. This interdependence can be either win-lose or win-win in nature, and the type of negotiation that is appropriate will vary accordingly. The disputants will either attempt to force the other side to comply with their demands, to modify the opposing position and move toward compromise, or to invent a solution that meets the objectives of all sides. The nature of their interdependence will have a major impact on the nature of their relationship, the way negotiations are conducted, and the outcomes of these negotiations. Mutual adjustment is one of the key causes of the changes that occur during a negotiation. Both parties know that they can influence the others outcomes and that the other side can influence theirs. The effective negotiator attempts to understand how people will adjust and readjust their positions during negotiations, based on what the other party does and is expected to do. The parties have to exchange information and make an effort to influence each other. As negotiations evolve, each side proposes changes to the other partys position and makes changes to its own. This process of give-and-take and making concessions is necessary if a settlement is to be reached. If one party makes several proposals that are rejected, and the other party makes no alternate proposal, the first party may break off negotiations. Parties typically will not want to concede too much if they do not sense that those with whom they are negotiating are willing to compromise. The parties must work toward a solution that takes into account each persons requirements and hopefully optimizes the outcomes for both. As they try to find their way toward agreement, the parties focus on interests, issues, and positions, and use cooperative and/or competitive processes to come to an agreement. Planning for Negotiations Effective planning is crucial to meeting negotiation objectives. If the parties are to reach a stable agreement, specific events must take place before the parties ever come to the table. 1. Parties must frame the problem, and recognize that they have a common problem that they share an interest in solving. Frames are the conceptions that parties have of the situation and its risks. They allow the parties to begin to develop a shared definition of the issues involved, and the process needed to resolve them. When the frames of both parties match, they are more likely to focus on common issues and have a common definition of the situation. The way in which parties define the problem can shape the rest of the planning process. 2. In the early stages of framing, negotiators must also determine their goals, anticipate what they want to achieve, and prepare for the negotiation process. They must define the issues to be discussed and analyze the conflict situation. In many cases, negotiators can appeal to research or consult with experts to help them develop a complete list of the issues at stake. 3. Negotiators often exchange and negotiate the list of issues to be discussed in advance. Consultation between negotiators prior to actual negotiation allows them to agree on the agenda of issues to be discussed, as well as the location of the negotiations, the time and duration of the sessions, the parties to be involved in the negotiations, and techniques to pursue if negotiation fails. Negotiators should also agree on principles that will guide the drafting of a settlement, the procedures to be used in negotiations, and the formula by which a general agreement is to be reached. 4. After assembling issues on an agenda, the negotiators must prioritize their goals and evaluate the possible tradeoffs among them. Negotiators must be aware of their goals and positions and must identify the concerns, desires, and fears that underlie their substantive goals. They must determine which issues are most important, as well as whether the various issues are linked or separate. Once they have determined the relative importance of the issues, parties need to decide the order in which issues should be discussed. Different situations suggest different answers to that question, and different negotiators and mediators prefer one approach over the others. 5. Negotiators that are operating on behalf of a constituency should consult with their constituents as well as with the other side to ensure that the constituents needs and priorities are included in the negotiations. 6. The next step is for negotiators to define specific targets with respect to the key issues on the agenda. Parties should try to figure out the best resolution they can expect, what counts as a fair and reasonable deal, and what is a minimally acceptable deal. They should also be aware of the strongest points in their position and recognize the strongest points in the other sides position. 7. Because negotiations typically involve more than one issue, it is helpful for negotiators to anticipate different ways of packaging issues. They can balance the issues they regard as most important by being more flexible about items they deem less important. 8. Planning for negotiation also involves the development of supporting arguments. Negotiators must be able to present supporting facts and arguments, anticipate how the other side will respond to these arguments, and respond to the other partys claims with counter-arguments. 9. Finally, planning involves assessing the other partys priorities and interests and trying to get a better idea of what that party is likely to want. Negotiators should gather background information about the other partys current needs, resources, and interests. This can be done through preliminary interviews or consultations with those who have done business with the other party in the past. In addition, negotiators need to understand the other partys objectives. Negotiators should be aware of the other partys negotiation style, reputation, and the strategy and tactics they commonly use. They should investigate that partys past behavior in related settings, determine his or her organizational position, and find out whom he or she admires and whose advice carries weight. An individuals past negotiation behavior is a good indication of how he or she will behave in the future. Also, negotiators should understand the other partys alternatives. If the other negotiator has strong alternatives, he or she will probably be willing to set high objectives and be willing to push hard for these objectives during negotiation.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

The Acid Rain Issue Essay -- essays research papers fc

Acid Rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Every day this problem increases. Many believe that this issue is too small to deal with, but if the acid rain problem is not met with head on, the effects on people, plants, animals, and the economy will only worsen. In the following paragraphs you will learn what acid rain is, the effects it has on human life, animals, the economy, the economic costs, and what is being done to help to stop this problem. This topic is very important because acid rain effects everyone everywhere all over the world.I. What is acid rain?Acid rain is the combination of two chemicals released into the atmosphere. These chemicals are sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (Nox). Natural sources such as volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton are all contributors to acid rain, but burning fossil fuels, such as coal and oil which are referred to as dry emissions are largely to blame for more than half of the emissions into the world. 2 Nationally, one hundred and twenty tons of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are emitted into the air each day.4A. How is acid rain formed?When the sulfur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulfate ion. It then becomes sulfuric acid when it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth, usually in the form of rain, snow, or fog. 1 Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and ozone help to catalyze the reaction, converting more sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. The following are the stoichiometric equations for the formation of sulphuric acid:S (in coal) + O2 ? SO22 SO2 + O2 ? 2 SO3SO3 + H2O ? H2SO4Nitric oxide and nitric dioxide are also components of acid rain. Its sources are mainly from power stations and exhaust fumes. Like sulphur dioxide, these nitrogen dioxides also rise into the air and are oxidized in the clouds to form nitric acid. Through this diagram you can better understand how acid rain is formed and emitted into the earth:II. Effects of acid rainAcid rain causes problems in almost every aspect of the environment. Acid rain can have a devastating effect on aquatic life, crops, forests, buildings, and also human life. A. The human environmentAcid rain has a multiplicity of effects in the human environment. The corrosion of limestone buildings in towns ... ... Pennsylvania. These and thousands of other organizations strive to educate the community about the acid rain problem and would be more than happy to send you information about what you can do to help. BibliographyLeslie R. Alm, "Scientists and the Acid Rain policy in Canada and the US." Science, Technology, and Human Values, 1997, 349"Acid Rain: Bad News About The Good News" Business Week, 25 October 1999, 95Anne E. Smith, Jeremy Platt, A. Denny Ellerman, "The cost of reducing SO2: It’s (higher than you think)" Public Utilities Fortnightly, 15 May 1998, 22"Acid Rain-A Definition" <a href="http://www.qlink.queensu.ca">http://www.qlink.queensu.ca"Whats being done? What is Europe and the UN-ECE doing?" <a href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain">http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain"Acid Rain: The Facts" <a href="http://www.brixworth.demon.co.uk">http://www.brixworth.demon.co.ukDepartment od Enviormental Protection, "Acid Rain In Pennsylvania" <a href="http://www.dep.state.pa.us">http://www.dep.state.pa.usChuck, "Acid Rain" ChuckIII’s College Resources

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Kissinger, Metternich, Realism :: History

Kissinger, Metternich, Realism Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State during the Nixon administration, sculpted his statesmanship from the realistic ideals of Prince Klemens von Metternich, who served as the Minister of Austrian Affairs nearly 160 years earlier. Although Kissinger has denied fashioning his ideas after Metternich, he believed the following to be true: legitimacy is one of the most important factors regarding revolution and war, and that disorder is far worse than injustice. Revolution, by definition, is a dramatic change in ideas or practices. Kissinger and Metternich both agreed that, in the rare case that revolution was a legitimate idea, pacing was critical. Change needs to be gradual. A sudden change in either political or social ideas or rulers, they believed, could result in chaos and disorder. This disorder, in turn, can lead to crimes against one another because justice is lacking. Actions are born from chaos and become chaotic themselves. A revolution is, in most cases, born out of fear, whether that fear is legitimate or not. Take the American Revolution, for example. King George III was over-taxing the colonists. They wanted to be free of British rule so they revolted. This was one of the few legitimate revolutions because it had a direct affect on the people. A new country was founded on the blood of many men, but it is important to remember that a nation can live forever. A revolution, no matter where and when it occurs, will almost always have certain similar outcomes. A successful revolution, whether legitimate or not, allows new powers to rise and allows for revolutionary chieftains develop. Napoleon is an example of this. He and his aggressive leadership was a product of the French Revolution. As realists, both Kissinger and Metternich understood different motivations for revolutions and war. They believed objectivity is difficult to achieve and that m any factors enter a person’s decisions. Kissinger also felt that taking an idealistic approach to issues only resulted in disenchantment of the people. What starts out with good intentions towards hope of changing the world don’t always end up that way as was demonstrated by President Wilson’s unsuccessful try for democracy in the Muslim Middle East. In a world filled with disorder, order can be achieved by causing fear in the people. Saddam Hussein serves as an extreme example of this. He created order in Iraq by making his countrymen fear him. Saddam inundated his country with statues and posters of himself everywhere the people looked.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhastan

Kazakhstan is one of Central Asia’s most successful and dynamic economies. More than hundred U.S. companies are operating in this country, through subsidiaries, JVs, liasion offices or as contractors. While most of them are found in the energy sector, many of them are service sector firms (e.g. international law firms, accounting firms, Banks like Citibank, American Express bank etc.). There are companies in telecom, sector, consumer goods and others. Kazakhastan provides excellent business opportunities in the fields of Oil and Gas, Power, Telecom, Medical instruments, Controlling Pollution, Agro-Machinery, Food, Construction and Mining.Kazakhstan has implemented important structural reforms during the past few years with an objective to transform its economy into a robust, market-driven business environment. However, some of the issues concering the development are- corruption, inconsistent customs regulations, inconsistency in interpretation of law, red tapism, work permit limitations for managerial and technical staff, amendments in laws increasing government interference etc. Many of these concerns are on legal innovations, which are aimed at creating changes in prevailing contracts e.g. â€Å"the Government has recently adopted legislation giving it preemptive rights in both existing and future contracts in the event that shareholders in oil field consortia want to sell shares, even if other partners have a contractual right of first offer†. Similarly, the Government adopted a telecom regulation that limited foreign equity in telecom companies to forty-nine percent.   (http://www.buyusa.gov/kazakhstan/en/doing_business_kazakhstan.html)Kazakhstan is perceived as an evolving economy surmounting the heritage of the Soviet economy through constant dedication to economic liberalization and upholding a striking investment climate through practical policy choices and support with the West. The IMF called Kazakhstan's firm macroeconomic stabilizat ion actions â€Å"appropriate and far-sighted.† Of all the ex-Soviet economies, Kazakhstan is rated first in FDI as a percentage of gross domestic produce and next only to Hungary in per capita foreign direct investment. Because of its thriving reforms, liberal trade practices, and capability to draw external financing, the economy is booming. Kazakhstan is a signatory to the World Trade Organization.(http://www.kazakhembus.com/Stable_Free_Market_Economy.html)Kazakhstan's economy registered a growth rate of 8.5% in 2006. GDP grew by 9.4 percent in 2005, by 9.1 percent in 2004, by 9.2 percent in 2003 and by 9.5 percent in 2002. Kazakhstan's financial policy has been well administered. Since 2001, the inflation has been under check and well controlled. In 2006, it was 8.6 percent, 7.5 percent in 2005 and during 2001-2003 it was 6.4 percent, 6.6 percent and 6.8 percent respectively. Due to strong macroeconomic show and financial strength, Kazakhstan became the first former Sovie t country to settle all of its debt to IMF in 2000, seven years before schedule. The U.S. Department of Commerce has recognized Kazakhstan as a market economy under U.S. trade law since 2002. This is the result of effective market economy reforms in the domains of â€Å"currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources†.Kazakhstan became the first economy from the ex- Soviet Union to get an â€Å"investment-grade† credit rating from a leading global credit rating agency in 2002. Projected external borrowings in 2005 were $41.66 billion. In 2004, Kazakhstan's gross foreign borrowings were approximately $26.03 billion. Kazakhstan has been able to check the ratio of borrowings to Gross Domestic Produce in recent years. In 2005, total governmental debt was 8.9 percent of GDP whereas this ratio in 2000 stood at 21.7 percent of GDP.Kazakhstan has copious natural we alth with a whole prospective value projected at $8.7 trillion. Specially, Kazakhstan's hydrocarbon reserves are enormous and are expected to be next only to Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Oil and gas is the most important economic sector. Oil exports have pushed the economic development and have already drawn considerable international investment of over US$ 8 billion since 1993. The Tengiz oil field, was promoted by the TengizChevrOil a joint venture company established by the Kazak government and Chevron in 1993. Exxon Mobil and LukArco have also joined the venture to further develop the said project. TegizChevrOil is the major foreign venture in Kazakhstan. Though Kazakhstan’s present oil output of nearly 1.2 million barrels/day is comparitively small, oil reserves found offshore in the North Caspian, together with onshore sites currently being developed, put it among major oil exporter over the medium term.The total output of oil and gas condensate in the country totaled to 61.9 million tons in the year 2005 registering a growth of 4.3 percent over 2004. Total exports of oil and gas condensate were 52.4 million tons per annum in both 2004 and 2005. The total output of natural gas in Kazakhstan in 2005 equaled 14.5 billion cubic meters, registering a growth of 25 percent over the same in 2004. Kazakhstan has reserves of about 4 billion tons of confirmed recoverable oil and 3 trillion cubic meters of gas.Industry forecaster consider that planned development of oil production, together with the expansion of new fields, will facilitate the country to generate as much as three million barrels per day by the year 2015, elating Kazakhstan into the position among the world's top ten oil-producing countries. Kazakhstan's exported oil valued at US$17.4 billion in 2005, which constituted 70% of total exports from the country.In Kazakhstan, most important oil and gas fields and their producible oil reserves are: â€Å"Tengiz (7 billion barrels); Karachaganak (8 billi on barrels and 1,350 billion cubic meters of natural gas); and Kashagan (7-9 billion barrels)†. From 2004, the Government of Kazakhstan augmented its catch of oil deals by rising levy of new oil projects. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Enormous_Energy_Reserves.html)It was in 1899, when oil was first revealed in Atyrau. Since then, the affiliation with the West has been essential to energy resource growth in Kazakhstan. The first oil well, â€Å"Karachungul well†, had a depth of about forty meter and daily produced approximately 150 barrels. Alfred Nobel had developed it in association with Russian industrial companies. This grew to fifteen operating wells 1912, and each well generated about 306-346 barrels per day usually. The new development also included a transit system for transporting 5,453 barrels of oil to Baku per annum through barge. While the appropriate progress of Kazakhstan's vast oil reserves has been sporadic due to two world wars, a uprising and the conclus ion of the Soviet Union, the reality of deep wells and the growth of shipping solutions have remained fundamental to Kazakhstan's energy equation.Apart from the major oil reserves, â€Å"Karachaganak also has 500 billion cubic meters of natural gas†. The potentially biggest recent discovery of major hydrocarbon reserves is the offshore â€Å"Kashagan† structure. The reserves at this site are expected to be three times more than Tengiz. The group, developing this two thousand  square mile block fourteen thousand feet below the Caspian sea bed comprises of nine companies: â€Å"BP Amoco, ENI, British Gas, Mobil, Shell, Total Fina Elf, Phillips, Statoil and Inpex†.The forecasted extractable reserves of oil are projected to be 7.8 billion tons, and those of natural gas 7.1 billions cubic meter. About seventy percent of these resources are gathered in the western parts of Kazakhstan, and the greater part of the reserves are associated with salt fields and have been found at depths of over 5000 meters.The envisaged reserves of the Kazakhstan part of the Caspian shelf are projected to be around thirteen billion tons of standard fuel but the successful expansion of the Caspian fields necessitates a considerable amount of investment. According to industry experts, the total required investment could be as high as $160 billion, which includes an amount of about $10 billion for the preliminary stage of exploration, including field assessment. As on now, western companies have already pumped in more than US$7 billion.Some limitations to getting investments for discovering the Caspian shelf had been the need of a clarification to the status of Caspian Sea. With signing of the agreement between Kazakhstan and Russia to partition the seafloor of the Caspian along the midline between the two countries, the issue appears to have been resolved. Similar agreements have been signed between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, and Azerbaijan and Russia.Envisaged reser ves of the Aral basin stand for about two billion tons of standard fuel. The high gas and oil prospective and encouraging geographic location in respect of the basic transportation of groundwater routes makes the Aral basin one of the most significant area with respect to the prospective oil discovery operations.In spite of Kazakhstan’s considerable oil and gas resources, the production and export of hydrocarbons has been inhibited by Kazakhstan’s land-locked position and its considerable reliance on domestic and Russia’s shipping networks for export routes. Kazakhstan is dedicated to the expansion of multiple oil export routes, in order to sustain its impending oil resources of 100-110 billion barrels.   A wide-ranging understanding with the national pipeline operator, Kaztransoil CJSC can be made in order to gain access to the main pipeline system by agreeing to   shipment schedules by the Kazakhstani oil producers.Due to the inadequate capability of the K azakhstani pipeline system, right to use to the pipeline is established as per the ratio of a particular oil producer’s contribution in the total quantity of oil to be produced in Kazakhstan in a given year. Presently, there are only two in service pipelines: â€Å"the Atyrau-Samara pipeline connects Kazakhstan to the Russian export network, while the CPC pipeline (Tengiz-Novorossiisk) connects the Tengiz field with the Russian port of Novorossiisk on the Black Sea†. Although there are it is largely privately owned pipeline but Russia reserves the right to suspend and enforce limitations on the stream of Kazakhstani oil from the Atyrau-Samara pipeline into Russian transportation network. More importantly, Russian organizations usually have priority access to their export terminals. By becoming a partner to the international BTC (Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) Consortium that have built a 1,730-kilometer export pipeline with an annual capacity of 50 million tones, Kazakhstan can improve the scenario. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Oil.html)The services of nationals and foreign nationals in Kazakhstan are monitored by the Labor Laws, labor relations are monitored by individual employment agreements and, if applicable, collective labor contracts. Employment agreements must be in writing and must obey the rules to the minimum standards prescribed by the Labor Law. Companies usually face problems in hiring managerial and technical staff. Further, they even have to obtain permits to get overseas workers.Kazakhstan has delivered continueous economic development for several years, particularly given the increasing significance of the Caspian Basin as a source for petrochemicals. While the rate of its economic reforms has recently slowed down,   Kazakhstan’s promise to continue and further push the structural transformations aimed at changing its economy into a more market-driven business climate remains of vital importance. Prospective international investor s and exporters will prefer to see more repeated and many more success stories in this market in order to invest in the Kazakhstan’s economy. In spite the several issues that still need to be addressed, in this Central Asian country, an increasing number of the U.S. enterprises is of the opinion that Kazakhstan deserves a serious thought by the U.S. exporters. More importantly, considering the strategic significance of the country, it is important for them to be here for being competitive in Central Asia.Resourceshttp://www.kazakhembus.com/Oil.htmlhttp://www.allbusiness.com/mining/oil-gas-extraction-crude-petroleum-natural/235547-1.html?yahss=114-2974554-235547http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5487.htmhttp://www.bakernet.com/NR/rdonlyres/1E007228-ED7E-4475-8ED7-0BDBA7B76FD3/38334/DBIKazakhstanJan2005.pdfhttp://www.buyusa.gov/kazakhstan/en/doing_business_kazakhstan.htmlhttp://www.cioc.com/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7015361.stm